1、Designation: D 2946 01 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Terminology forAsbestos and AsbestosCement Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2946; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms and definitions, defini-tions of terms, and abbreviations of terms relating to asbestosand asbest
3、os-cement products.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 296 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Pressure PipeC 428 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Non-pressureSewer PipeC 458 Test Method for Organic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement ProductsC 500 Test Me
4、thods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC 508 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Underdrain PipeC 541 Specification for Linings for Asbestos-Cement PipeC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 663 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Storm Drain PipeC 668 Speci
5、fication for Asbestos-Cement TransmissionPipeC 875 Specification for Asbestos-Cement ConduitC 966 Guide for Installing Asbestos-Cement Non-pressurePipeD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD 1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating ofAsbestos Fibersa
6、nd Asbestos TextilesD 1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD 1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of AsbestosTextilesD 2589 Test Method for McNett Wet Classification of DualAsbestos FiberD 2590 Test Method for Sampling Chrysotile Asbestos3D 2985 Test Method for Color of AsbestosD 3879 Test Method
7、for Sampling Amphibole AsbestosE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relatingto Occupational Exposure to Asbestos32.2 Other Documents:2ASTM STP 834, 1982 Definitions for Asbestos and O
8、therHealth-Related Silicates3. Terminologyaccessible bag, nfor sampling, a bag (in a pile of bags ofasbestos fiber) of which at least one side or one end is fullyexposed.accessible surface, nfor sampling, in a pile of bags ofasbestos fiber, a side (of the pile) in which all the bags areaccessible ba
9、gs.accessoriessubordinate material such as fasteners, backerstrips, closure strips, ridge and corner rolls, roofing startersand finishing pieces, couplings, gaskets, pipe fittings or othersupplementary material necessary for the proper applicationof primary asbestos-cement products.actinolite asbest
10、osasbestiform variety of the monoclinicamphibole silicate minerals of the tremolite-actinolite series.DISCUSSIONIts empirical formula is Ca2(Mg, Fe+2)5Si8O22(OH)2.Its Chemical Abstracts4number is 77536-66-4 (see Table 1 and Table2).adhesion, nfor asbestos, see fiber adhesion.aggressivity index, nmea
11、sure of the corrosiveness of watertoward asbestos-cement defined as:pH 1 log AH! (1)where:pH = negative of the logarithm of the hydronium molarity(index of acidity of the water) pH units.A = total alkalinity, ppm as CaCO3, as determined by TestMethods D 1067, and1This terminology is under the jurisd
12、iction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.91 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2946 01.2For referen
13、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Taken from Practice E 849.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
14、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.H = calcium hardness, ppm as CaCO3, as determined byTest Method D 1126.DISCUSSIONThe aggressiveness of water toward asbestos-cement isclassified as follows:Aggressivity Indexhighly aggressive Mg)Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7(Si
15、8O22)(OH)2Tremolite Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2Ferroactinolite Ca2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5(Si8O22)(OH)2Glaucophane NaMg3Al2(Si8O22)(OH)2ATaken from Deer, Howie, and Zusman, Rock Forming Minerals,Vol.3,Longmans, London, 1967.D 2946 01 (2005)2joints and overlaps in structures, other assemblies
16、 or portionsthereof where movement may occur.chemical resistancefor asbestos cement products, the abilityof the product to resist chemical attack, dissolution, decom-position or other chemical changes when in contact withliquid, gaseous, or solid media normally encountered in itsservice environment.
17、chrysotile, nan asbestos mineral belonging to the serpentinegroup, having a chemical composition close toMg3SiO5(OH)4.DISCUSSIONModerate amounts of aluminum may substitute forsilicon and moderate amounts of iron may substitute for magnesium.Small amounts of MnO, CaO, K2O, and Na2O are also reported
18、in thechemical analyses. The crystal structure of chrysotile asbestos consistsof double layers, each consisting of a layer of linked SiO4tetrahedrathat is coordinated to a second layer of linked MgO2(OH)4octahedralinked through the sharing of oxygen atoms; the composite double layerrolls up, like a
19、scroll to form long hollow tubes. The outer diameters ofthe individual tubes are in the order of 25 nm; the length-to-diameterratio can vary from 20 to well over 10 000. Chrysotile is characterizedby a combination of a distinctive morphology, a chemical compositionclose to Mg3Si2O5(OH)4, and charact
20、eristic X-ray and electron diffrac-tion patterns. Its Chemical Abstracts number4is 12001-29-5 (see Table1 and Table 2).chrysotile asbestossee chrysotile.CIE, nabbreviation for International Commission on Illumi-nation, which in French is Commission Internationale delclairage.5CIE observer, nfor colo
21、r determination, see standardobserver, CIE 1931and supplementary observer, CIE1964.CIE source C, nsee standard source.clip, nfor shingles, see storm anchor (clip).closure stripasphalt or rubber preformed filler strip havingthe same shape and pitch as the asbestos-cement corrugatedproduct and used to
22、 close openings in the corrugated sheetsat window beads, eaves, lower edge of siding, and similarplaces.cohesion, nfor asbestos, lateral force resisting separation ofadjacent fibrous elements.DISCUSSIONAsbestos may be described as having low to highcohesion.color variationfor asbestos-cement product
23、s, property ofnonuniform color exhibited before or after pacted backfill, nfor pipe laying, backfill material thathas been compacted to the density specified by the posite sample, nfor asbestos, a set of unit samples ofasbestos fiber (drawn systematically or at random) takenfrom a lot, comprising no
24、t less than two and not more than200 bags, for use in the laboratory as a test sample, that is,as a source of test specimens.conditioning, nfor sampling, the process by which the fiberis put into a consistent state to be tested.conduit, nfor asbestos-cement, asbestos-cement pipe used toprotect wires
25、 for electric-power or communication systems,for both underground and exposed situations.constructor, nfor pipe laying, party that furnishes the workand materials for placement and installation.contaminants, nfor asbestos, any foreign matter (other thanassociated minerals and fines) in a sample of a
26、sbestos fiber.corner rollhalf-round unit of asbestos cement used to trimand flash corners in asbestos-cement corrugated applica-tions.corrugateddenotes an asbestos-cement sheet product hav-ing a design of alternating ridges and valleys manufacturedaccording to a specified pitch.coupling, nfor asbest
27、os-cement conduit, sewer, underdrain,and storm drain pipe, component made from a largerdiameter pipe of the same type or type II and of the sameclass, or of a higher class, or produced otherwise to yield atleast equal performance, for joining asbestos-cement pipethat when properly installed, forms a
28、 silt-tight joint, allowsalignment corrections and slight changes in direction, andprovides an assembled joint equivalent in serviceability andstrength to the pipe sections.DISCUSSIONAlternatively, for storm drain couplings, plastic sleevesthat, when properly installed develop sufficient tightness t
29、o prevent thesurrounding soil from entering the drain, may be used as couplings.coupling, nfor asbestos-cement non-pressure sewer pipe,section for joining asbestos-cement non-pressure sewer pipe,that when properly installed with the proper accessories,develops an assemble joint equivalent in service
30、ability andstrength to the pipe sections when tested in accordance with8.3 of Specification C 428.coupling, nfor asbestos-cement pressure pipe, section forjoining asbestos-cement pipe that, when properly installedwith the proper accessories, develops a joint equivalent instrength and serviceability
31、to the pipe sections.crenulationsmultiple kinks that can increase the apparentfiber cohesion.DISCUSSIONAsbestos may be described as free of crenulations or ashighly crenulated.crocidolite, ncommon name for riebeckite asbestos.DISCUSSIONAlso known as blue asbestos (see Table 1 and Table 2).cross-fibe
32、rasbestos that is located in (or derives from) veinsor seams in which the fibers are close-packed and areoriented at a large angle to the boundaries of the veins orseams.5Commission Internationale de lEclairage (International Commission on Illu-mination). The CIE color-order system is the most impor
33、tant of those used inconnection with instruments for color measurement. See Practice E 308.TABLE 3 Relative Dimensions of Naturally Occurring ChrysotileAgglomerates in Increasing Order of Transverse DimensionOrder NameApproximate Transverse Dimensionmin max1 Fibril 0.0 m 0.1 m2 Fiber (single) 0.015
34、m 0.1 m3 Spicule . .4 Nonfibrous spicule . .4 Fiber spicule . 1 mm5 Pencil 1 mm 8 mm5 Spelk 1 mm 8 mm6 Bundle 8 mm .6 Crudy bundle 8 mm .D 2946 01 (2005)3crude asbestoshand-cobbed (released from its ore bymanual hammer impact) cross-vein asbestos in its natural orunfiberized form.crudiness (kroodine
35、ss)the extent to which a sample ofasbestos contains crudy elements. See crudy.crudy (kroodi)the quality of processed asbestos with rela-tively low specific surface area and degree of fiberization,containing an appreciable portion of intact assemblages offiber (derived from the term crude asbestos).c
36、rudy (kroodi) bundlea heavy assemblage of asbestos inclosed-packed parallel orientation, that may be partiallycrushed, and that has a transverse dimension exceeding 8mm.crushing strengthproperty of solid material that indicatesits ability to withstand collapse from external compressiveloads.curereac
37、tion mechanism in which the physical, chemical,and mechanical properties of a hydraulic cement changethrough the phases of slurry-paste-solid with time, with orwithout external heat, in the presence of water.curing agentadditive incorporated in the furnish ofasbestos-cement products resulting in mod
38、ified chemicalactivity between the cementitious components with an in-crease or decrease in the rate of cure.daylight 0.785 rad, 0 rad (45, 0) luminous directionalreflectance , ndaylight 0.785 rad, 0 rad (45, 0) luminousdirectional reflectance (for brevity called reflectance) is theratio of the lumi
39、nous flux from a specimen illuminated at anangle of 0.785 rad (45) by CIE Standard Source C5(averagedaylight) and viewed perpendicularly by the CIE StandardObserver, to the luminous flux from the standard magnesiumoxide layer, similarly illuminated and viewed.DISCUSSIONThese conditions of illuminati
40、on and observation maybe interchanged without affecting the results. The combination ofillumination at 0.785 rad (45) and viewing at 0 rad (0) (perpendicu-larly) has been selected as being representative of average conditions ofilluminating and viewing. The property of reflectance determines whichof
41、 two specimens will appear lighter when viewed in average daylightat an angle at which the observation of highlights is avoided.deflectionlinear distance that a test specimen bends at thecenter from no load to stated load when loaded as a beam.diffuse reflection, nprocess by which incident flux is d
42、is-tributed by reflection over a wide range of angles.drawings, nfor pipe laying, illustrations (such as drawings,sketches, graphs, or photographs) on paper, film, diskettes,magnetic tape or other media, blueprints, layouts, designs,figures, portrayals, pictures, charts, maps, images, patterns,diagr
43、ams, representations, and plans supplied by the pur-chaser to show the location and details for the constructionof the pipeline and appurtenances.Dutch or Scotch methodmethod of application forasbestos-cement roofing shingles which are rectangular inshape and lap at the top and one side to form eith
44、er a squareor rectangular pattern.efflorescence (bloom)white powdery substance occurringon the surface of asbestos-cement products, caused by themigration of soluble salts to the surface, followed byprecipitation and atmospheric carbonation of calcium hy-droxide.engineer, nfor pipe laying, the perso
45、n, firm, corporation, orgovernment agency acting for the owner as his duly autho-rized agent in the designing and engineering of the project.fiber, nany material in a form such that it has a minimumlength to average maximum transverse dimension of 10 to 1,a maximum cross-sectional area of 5.06 3 10-
46、2mm2(corresponding to a circular cross section of 0.254 mmin diameter) and a maximum transverse dimension of 0.254mm.fiber adhesion, nfor asbestos, force required to overcomethe tendency of fibers to remain affixed to the host rock.DISCUSSIONFibers may be described as having from low to highadhesion
47、.fiber cohesion, nfor asbestos, force required to separatefibers from each other.DISCUSSIONFibers may be described as having from low to highcohesion.fiber spiculerod-like piece composed of asbestos fibers thatare in close-packed parallel orientation, undisturbed fromtheir natural relative positions
48、, and sufficiently numerous torender the piece inflexible.DISCUSSIONIf the transverse dimension exceeds 1 mm the term“pencil” may be applied.fiber strength unitsee strength unit.fibril, nfor asbestos, a fiber composed of a single crystal.DISCUSSIONThe smallest structural component of an asbestiformm
49、ineral (see Table 3).fibrous, adjfor asbestos, pertaining to fine acicular (needle-like), flexible crystalline morphology associated with thesubdivision of macro-assemblages of an asbestiform min-eral.fibrous particulate, nfor asbestos, fiber, fiber fragment, orfiber agglomerate.fillerinert inorganic material used as an extender or diluentin the furnish of asbestos-cement which does not add to thecementitious value of the cement.fines, nfor asbestos, the class of material hav
