1、Designation: D3154 00 (Reapproved 2006)D3154 14Standard Test Method forAverage Velocity in a Duct (Pitot Tube Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes measurement of the average velocity of a gas stream for the purpose of determining ga
3、s flowin a stack, duct, or flue. Although technically complex, it is generally considered the most accurate and often the only practicaltest method for taking velocity measurements.1.2 This test method is suitable for measuring gas velocities above 3 m/s (10 ft/s).1.3 This test method provides proce
4、dures for determining stack gas composition and moisture content.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This test method is applicable to conditions where steady-state flow occurs, and for constant fluid
5、 conditions. If theseconditions are not meant, other methods must be used.conditions, where the direction of flow is normal to the face tube openingof the pitot tube employed in the method. The method cannot be used for direct measurement when cyclonic or swirling flowconditions are present.1.6 This
6、 standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
7、1 ASTM Standards:2D1071 Test Methods for Volumetric Measurement of Gaseous Fuel SamplesD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD3195 Practice for Rotameter CalibrationD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric PressureD3685/D36
8、85M Test Methods for Sampling and Determination of Particulate Matter in Stack GasesD3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot TubesE1D6522 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersTest Method for Determination of Nitrogen Oxides, CarbonMonoxide, and Oxygen Concentrations in Emissions
9、from Natural Gas-Fired Reciprocating Engines, Combustion Turbines,Boilers, and Process Heaters Using Portable AnalyzersE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Haz
10、ard Precision Liquids2.2 EPA Standards:3EPA-600/9-76-005 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. Vol I. PrinciplesEPA-600/4-77-027b Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. Vol.Vol III. Stationary SourceSpecific Methods1 This test method is under th
11、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheresand Source Emissions.Current edition approved April 1, 2006April 1, 2014. Published May 2006May 2014. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20002
12、006 asD3154 - 00.D3154 06. DOI: 10.1520/D3154-00R06.10.1520/D3154-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
13、website.3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what c
14、hanges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the of
15、ficial document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ASME Performance Test Code Standards:4ASME Performance Test Code: PTC 19.10-1968,PTC 19.10-1968 Flue and Exhaust Gas AnalysisASME Performance Test Code: PTC 19.10-198
16、1 Part 10, Flue and Exhaust Measurements: Instruments and ApparatusASME Performance Test Code: PTC 38-1980,PTC 38-1980 Determining the Concentration of Particulate Matter in a GasStream2.4 Code of Federal Regulation:340 CFR Part 5060 Standards of Performance for Stationary Sources, Appendix A;A1, Te
17、st Methods 1 through 43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Descriptions of Symbols Specific to This Standard:A = cross-sectional area of stack, m2 (ft2).Bws = water vapor in the gas stream, proportion by volume.Cp = pit
18、ot tube coefficient, dimensionless.Ds = internal diameter of stack, cm, (in.).Kp = pitot tube constant:= 128.9 m/sFg/g2mol!K! G1/2, (SI),= 128.9 m/sFg/g2mol!K! G1/2(SI),=85.29 ft/sFlb/lb2mol!R! G1/2, (inch-pound).=85.49 ft/sFlb/lb2mol!R! G1/2(inch-pound).m = mean velocity, m/s (ft/s).Md = molecular
19、weight of stack gas, dry basis, g/g mol (lblb mol).Md = molecular weight of stack gas, dry basis, g/g mol (lb/lb mol).Ms = molecular weight of stack gas, wet basis, g/g mol (lb/lb mol).Mw = molecular weight of water, 18.0 g/g mol (18.0 lb/lb mol).N = number of sampling points across a diameter.n = n
20、th sampling point from center of stack.p = velocity head of stack gas, kPa (in. water).Pstatic = static pressure of stack gas, kPa (in. water).Pbar = barometric pressure, kPa (in. Hg).Pm = absolute pressure at the dry gas meter (for this test method it equals Pbar), kPa (in. Hg).Ps = absolute stack
21、gas pressure, kPa (mm Hg).Pstd = standard ambient atmospheric pressure, 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg).% CO2 = percent CO2 in the stack gas, by volume, dry basis.%(N 2 + CO) = sum of the percents of N2 and CO in the stack gas, by volume, dry basis.%O2 = percent O2 in the stack gas, by volume, dry basis.Qstd
22、= dry volumetric stack gas flow rate corrected to standard conditions, dsm3/h (dsft3/h).R = ideal gas constant, 0.08312 (kPa) (m2)/g mol) (K) (SI system) or 21.85 (in. Hg) (ft2)/(lb mole)(R) (inch-pound).rn = radial distance from center of stack to nth sampling point, cm (in.).w = density of water,
23、0.9971 g/mL (0.002194 lb/mL) at 25C (77F).ST = between laboratory bias, m/s (ft/s).Ss = among single laboratory bias, m/s (ft/s).Tm = absolute average dry gas meter temperature, K (R).Ts = stack gas temperature, K (R).Tstd = standard absolute temperature, 298 K (537R).Tstd = standard absolute temper
24、ature, 298 K (528R).Vi = initial volume of condenser water, mL.Vf = final volume of condenser water, mL.Vm = volume of gas sample measured by the dry gas meter, dm3 (dft3).4 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo Park Ave., New York,
25、 NY 10016-5990.10016-5990,http:/www.asme.org.D3154 142vs = stack gas velocity, m/s (ft/s).Vm(std) = volume of gas sample measured by the dry gas meter, corrected to standard conditions, dm3 (dft3).Vwc(std) = volume of water vapor condensed, corrected to standard conditions, sm3 (sft3).Vwsg(std) = vo
26、lume of water vapor collected in silica gel, corrected to standard conditions, sm3 (sft3).Wf = final mass of silica gel or silica gel plus impinger, g.Wi = initial mass of silica gel or silica gel plus impinger, g.Y = dry gas meter calibration factor.0.28 = molecular weight of nitrogen or carbon mon
27、oxide, divided by 100.0.32 = molecular weight of oxygen, divided by 100.0.44 = molecular weight of carbon dioxide, divided by 100.3600 = conversion factor, s/h.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes the use of instrumentation, equipment, and operational procedures necessary for them
28、easurement and calculation of the average velocity of air or gas flows in flues, ducts, or stacks utilizing the pitot tube principle,with a manometer or draft gauge for pressure measurement. The stack gas composition and moisture content are is determined,using an Orsat analyzer either an Orsat anal
29、yzer, a Fyrite analyzer, or automated O2 and CO2for composition, analyzers fordetermining diluent gas (O2 and CO2) concentrations, and condensation techniques for moisture.determining the moisture content.5. Significance and Use5.1 The procedures presented in this test method are available, in part,
30、 in Test MethodMethods D3685/D3685M, as well as theASME Methods (PTC 19.10-1968, PTC 19.10-1981, and PTC 38-1980) given in 2.3 and Footnote 8,5,5 the 40 CFR Part 60 givenin 2.4, and the publication given in Footnote 9.6.66. Apparatus6.1 Pitot Tube, used in conjunction with a suitable manometer, prov
31、ides the method for determining the velocity in a duct. Theconstruction of a standard pitot tube and the method of connecting it to a draft gauge are shown in Fig. 1. Details are shown inFig. 2.6.1.1 To minimize the stem effect when the physical dimensions of the pitot tube are too large with respec
32、t to the flow scale,the diameter of the pitot tube barrel shall not exceed 130 the size of the duct diameter.6.1.2 At locations where the standard pitot tube cannot be used in accordance with the sampling plan (see 8.1), or where dustor moisture or both are present that may clog the small holes in t
33、his instrument, a calibrated Staubscheibe pitot tube, commonlycalled a Type “S” pitot tube, shown in Fig. 3, shall be used.6.1.3 The Type “S” pitot tube may be used in all applications, provided that it has been calibrated. See Practice D3796.However, use of the standard pitot tube, where feasible,
34、will give additional accuracy.6.2 Differential Pressure GaugeAliquid-filled inclined manometer or an equivalent device used to measure the velocity head.See Fig. 1. It is equipped with a 250 mm (10 in.) water column inclined manometer that has 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) divisions on the0-to-25 mm (1 in.) in
35、clined scale, and 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) divisions on the 25 to 250-mm (1 to 10-in.) vertical scale. This typemanometer (or other gauge of equivalent sensitivity) is satisfactory for measurements of p values as low as 12.5 Pa (0.05 in.H2O).5 Colen, P., Corey, R. C., and Meyers, J. W., “Methods and Instrum
36、entation for Furnace Heat Absorption Studies; Temperature and Composition of Gases at FurnaceOutlets” Transaction of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 71, pp. 96578, 1949.Colen, P., Corey, R. C., and Meyers, J. W., “Methods and Instrumentation forFurnace Heat Absorption Studies; Temperat
37、ure and Composition of Gases at Furnace Outlets,” Transaction of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 71, pp.96578, 1949.6 Bulletin WP-50, Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Co., “Methods for Determination of Velocity, Dust, and Mist Content of Gases.” Bulletin WP-50,West
38、ern Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Co., “Methods for Determination of Velocity, Dust, and Mist Content of Gases.”FIG. 1 Pitot TubeD3154 1436.3 U-Tube ManometerA water or mercury filled instrument An electronic manometer or a water filled U-tube manometercapable of measuring stack the stac
39、k or duct static pressures to within 0.33 kPa (2.5 mm Hg).6.4 ThermocoupleAbimetallic device for measuring temperature utilizing the fact that a small voltage is generated whenevertwo junctions of two dissimilar metals in an electric circuit are at different temperature levels.6.4.1 PotentiometerAn
40、instrument for measuring small voltages, or for comparing small voltages with a known voltage, usedin conjuncture with the thermocouple.Alternative thermocouple read-out devices capable of accurately measuring the effluent gastemperature to within 2C may be used.6.4.2 ThermometerAn ASTM thermometer
41、A precision digital thermometer based on resistance temperature detectors(RTDs), thermistors, thermocouples, or organic liquid-in-glass thermometers (such as Thermometer S18C in Specification E2251)meeting the requirements of Specificationthis E1, for measuring the gas temperatures of small ducts.ap
42、plication may be used.6.5 Mercury BarometerAn instrument capable of measuring ambient atmospheric pressure to 0.5 kPa. See Test MethodsD3631.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm18 3.2 12 12.7532 4.0 1516 23.814 6.4 212 63.5516 7.9 5 127FIG. 2 Standard Pitot Tube DetailsFIG. 3 Type 3 Pitot Tube (Special)D
43、3154 1446.6 Gas Density Determination EquipmentSee Fig. 4.6.6.1 ProbeA stainless steel or borosilicate glass tube, equipped with an in-stack or out-of-stack filter to remove particulatematter.6.6.2 CondenserA water-cooled condenser that will not remove O2, CO2, CO, and N2, to remove excess moisture
44、if the gasstream contains over 2 % moisture by volume. The main consideration is that the condenser volume be kept to the minimum sizebecause it will be more difficult to purge the sample train before collecting a sample if the condenser is too large. A 63-mm(0.25-in.) stainless steel coil, or equiv
45、alent, connected to a water collection chamber with a capacity of about 40 mL is sufficient.6.6.3 ValveA needle valve to adjust the sample gas flow rate.6.6.4 PumpA leak-free diaphragm pump, to transport the sample gas to the flexible bag. A small surge tank shall be installedbetween the pump and th
46、e rate meter to eliminate the pulsation effect of the pump on the rate meter. Leak-test the pump, surgetank and rate meter (see 6.6.5), as described in 9.4.29.4.3.6.6.5 Rate MeterA rotameter or equivalent rate meter, capable of measuring flow rates to within 62 % of the selected flowrate.6.6.6 Flexi
47、ble BagA leak-free inert plastic bag, having the capacity adequate for the selected flow rate and length of time ofthe test. A capacity of 90 L (3.2 ft3) is usually sufficient. The bag shall be leak-tested before each test, as described in 9.4.39.4.4.6.6.7 Vacuum GaugeA mercuryAn electronic manomete
48、r, or equivalent of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) capacity, to be used forthe sample train leak test. Test the gauge as described in 9.4.59.4.6.6.6.8 OrsatDiluent Gas AnalyzerAnalyzer(s)SeeAutomated Fig. 5. The gas analyzers or an Orsat gas analyzer is or Fyriteanalyzer are used to analyze the gas sample fo
49、r CO2, and O2, and CO stack gas concentrations, concentrations. The Orsat analyzer(see Fig. 5) is operated by successively passing the gas through adsorbents that remove the specific gaseous components. Thedifference in gas volumes before and after the absorptions represents the amount of constituent gas in the sample. Separate Fyriteanalyzers for measurement of CO2 and O2 concentrations may be used to determine diluent gas concentrations for some sources.Each Fyrite analyzer determines the difference in s
