1、Designation: D3180 15Standard Practice forCalculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined toDifferent Bases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3180; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice lists formulas that allow analytical data tobe expressed in various bases in common use. Such bases ar
3、e:as received, dry, equilibrium moisture, dry ash free, and others.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
4、is theresponsibility of the user this standard to establish appropriatesafety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D388 Classification of Coals by RankD1412 Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of Coal a
5、t 96to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30CD2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD7582 Test Metho
6、ds for Proximate Analysis of Coal andCoke by Macro Thermogravimetric AnalysisE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 as-determined basisanalytical data obtained fromthe analysis sample of coal or coke after
7、 conditioning andpreparation to No. 60 (250-m) sieve in accordance withPractice D2013 and Test Method D3302. As-determined datarepresents the numerical values obtained at the particularmoisture level in the sample at the time of analysis. Thesevalues are normally converted, according to formulae con
8、-tained herein, to conventional reporting bases.3.1.2 as-received basisanalytical data calculated to themoisture condition of the sample as it arrived at the laboratoryand before any processing or conditioning. If the sample hasbeen maintained in a sealed state so that there has been no gainor loss,
9、 the as-received basis is equivalent to the moisture basisas sampled.3.1.3 dry basisdata calculated to a theoretical base of nomoisture associated with the sample. The numerical value asestablished by Test Methods D3173 or D7582 is used forconverting the as-determined data to a dry basis.3.1.4 dry,
10、ash-free basisdata calculated to a theoreticalbase of no moisture or ash associated with the sample.Numerical values as established by Test Methods D3173,D3174,or,D7582 are used for converting the as-determineddata to a moisture- and ash-free basis.3.1.5 equilibrium moisture basedata calculated to t
11、hemoisture level established as the equilibrium moisture. Nu-merical values as established by Test Method D1412 are usedfor the calculation.4. Significance and Use4.1 The calculations of analytical data for the coal and coketest parameters listed in Section 6, assume the analysis samplehas been prep
12、ared according to Practice D2013 and TestMethod D3302.4.2 This practice provides formulas, to enable calculationsof data from the as-determined analysis sample to variousmoisture bases, in common use by the coal and coke industry.4.3 This practice provides guidance to enable calculationsof weight-av
13、erage data from various lots or sublots, which,initially, are provided at different moisture bases.4.4 The principles given in this practice are applicable to thecalculation of cumulative data (e.g., for trade purposes or forsieve analyses or washability analyses).1This practice is under the jurisdi
14、ction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal andCoke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3180 12. DOI:10.1520/D3180-15.2For referenced ASTM stand
15、ards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、 19428-2959. United States15. Applicable Parameters and Symbols Used5.1 The calculation procedures defined in 6.3.3 and 6.4.2 areapplicable to the following analysis parameters when ex-pressed as weight percent, g/g (trace elements) or Btu/lb(gross calorific value):AshCarbonCarbon dioxideChlorineCal
17、orific value (gross)Fixed carbonMajor, minor and trace elementsNitrogenSulfurSulfur forms (namely, pyritic, sulfate, organic)Volatile matter5.2 The symbols used in this practice:A = ash; weight %M = moisture, weight %P = any analysis parameter listed in 5.1, weight % (ex-cept gross calorific value i
18、s Btu/lb)ADL = air-dry loss, weight % of as-received sample. SeeTest Method D3302H = hydrogen, weight %Ox = oxygen, weight %5.3 Subscripts used in this practice:ad = as-determinedar = as-receivedd = drydaf = dry, ash-free (equivalent to moisture and ash free, maf)6. Methods for Calculating Data6.1 W
19、henever calculating a test result from observed values,avoid rounding of intermediate quantities. As far as is practi-cable with the calculating device, carry out calculations withthe observed values exactly, and round only the final result (seeE29).6.2 Avoid calculating with reported test results (
20、roundedand reported) and comparing these calculated values to otherreported values, with the exception of obtaining the exact samecalculated value.NOTE 1Calculations based on values that have been rounded andcontain a limited number of decimal places may provide a different resultthan calculations b
21、ased upon values that are not rounded and contain amuch larger number of decimal places (e.g., up to 14 or more). Therefore,comparable, exact values will not always be calculated by the twomethods. The reported value developed using un-rounded results is moreprecise than the value calculated off-lin
22、e, e.g., in a spreadsheet program,using rounded data with a limited number of decimal places.6.2.1 Where a composite analysis of sublots is required,whenever possible, rather than use the individual, roundedvalues on the individual reports to calculate a composite value,the composite analysis should
23、 be based upon the un-roundeddata.6.3 Converting from the analysis sample basis to the as-received basis (Note 2):6.3.1 Moisture:Mar5FMad3100 2 ADL100G1ADL (1)ADL 5 100 3 1 2 100 2 Mar!/100 2 Mad!# (2)6.3.2 Hydrogen and OxygenInasmuch as hydrogen andoxygen values may be reported on the basis of cont
24、aining ornot containing the hydrogen and oxygen in water (moisture)associated with the sample, alternative conversion proceduresare defined as follows:6.3.2.1 H and Ox reported include H and Ox in water:Har5F Had2 0.1119Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 MadG10.1119Mar(3)Oxar5F Oxad2 0.8881Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 Ma
25、dG10.8881Mar(4)6.3.2.2 H and Ox reported do not include H and Ox in water:Har5 Had2 0.1119Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 Mad(5)Oxar5 Oxad2 0.8881Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 Mad(6)6.3.3 Other ParametersThe equation below is applicableto all parameters, P, listed in 5.1:Par5 Pad3100 2 Mar100 2 Mad(7)NOTE 2The equation
26、s in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 may be applied to convertanalysis values from the analysis sample moisture-containing basis to anyTABLE 1 Conversion Formula ChartGivenWantedAs-Determined (ad) As-Received (ar) Dry (d) Dry Ash-free (daf)As-Determined (ad)1002Mar1002Mad1001002Mad1001002Mad2AadAs-Received (ar)1002
27、Mad1002Mar1001002Mar1001002Mar2AarDry (d)1002Mad1001002Mar1001001002AdDry Ash-free (daf)1002Mad2Aad1001002Mar2Aar1001002Ad100D3180 152other moisture-containing basis (such as equilibrium capacity moisturebasis) by substituting the desired moisture value for Marin the equations.6.4 Converting from th
28、e analysis sample basis to the drybasis (Note 3):6.4.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen:Hd5 Had2 0.1119Mad! 3100100 2 Mad(8)Oxd5 Oxad2 0.8881Mad! 3100100 2 Mad(9)6.4.2 Other ParametersThe equation below is applicableto all parameters, P, listed in 5.1:Pd5 Pad3100100 2 Mad(10)NOTE 3The equations in 6.4.1 and 6.4.
29、2 may be applied to convertanalysis values from any moisture-containing basis to the dry basis bysubstituting the appropriate moisture value for Madin the equations. If Hand Ox values reported on the moisture-containing basis do not include Hand Ox in the moisture (as illustrated in the last column
30、of Table 3), theequation in 6.4.2 is applicable.6.5 For converting data from the as-determined basis to thedry or moist, mineral matter-free basis, see procedures inClassification D388.7. Conversion Formula Chart7.1 To convert any of the analysis values for the parameterslisted in 5.1 from one basis
31、 to another, multiply the given valueby the value shown in the appropriate wanted column in Table1.7.2 The chart is applicable to conversion of hydrogen andoxygen values only when the given values do not include thehydrogen and oxygen in the associated moisture. If the givenhydrogen and oxygen value
32、s include the hydrogen and oxygenin associated water, refer to 6.3.2.1 or 6.4.1.8. Sample Calculations8.1 An example of a proximate analysis reported on threedifferent bases is shown in Table 2.8.2 An example of ultimate analysis data tabulated for ahypothetical coal on various bases is shown in Tab
33、le 3.9. Report9.1 To avoid ambiguity and to provide a means for conver-sion of data to other than the reported basis, it is essential that,except for data reported on a dry basis, an appropriate moisturecontent be given in the data report.9.2 It is recommended that if hydrogen or oxygen data arerepo
34、rted on the as-received basis (or any other moist basis) afootnote or some other means be employed in the report toindicate whether the values reported do or do not include thehydrogen and oxygen in the moisture associated with thesample.10. Weight Average Calculations10.1 It is not unusual for data
35、 from one (sub)sample to beweight-averaged with data from another (or more) (sub)sample(s) to calculate the result that would represent thecombined mass of the material represented by the individual(sub)samples. Example: individual sublot sample analyses areweight-averaged to obtain a mathematical c
36、omposite analysis,representing the entire consignment.Because the mathematical composite test results do notinclude any additional sample division variance that would befound in the production of the physical composite test sampleprepared from the various (sub)samples, the weight-averagedresult (mat
37、hematical composite) of multiple samples is often amore reliable value.Note that Practice D2013, section 10, “Preparation ofComposite Samples to Represent Lot-Size (or Consignment-Size) Quantities of Coal,” discusses additive and non-additiveparameters or analytes. It is possible to use weight-avera
38、gecalculations to calculate a mathematical composite for additiveanalytes; however, non-additive analytes must be tested as aphysical composite. Non-additive analytes include Hardgrovegrindability and ash fusibility results.Whenever performing weight-average calculations, both themass represented by
39、 the (sub)sample and the analyte deter-mined on the (sub)sample must be on the same moisture-content basis for the calculation to be correct.10.2 Samples Representing Sublots in a TradeTransactionMost trade transactions are based upon as-received moisture basis. The moisture basis on which weight-av
40、eraging takes place most normally would be the as-receivedmoisture basis. Convert the as-determined analytical data to theas-received moisture basis and perform the weight averaging.Weight-averaged results are then reported on the as-received,wet tons basis. Once the as-received weight-averaged test
41、results are calculated, the calculation of the weight-averagedvalues to other moisture-content bases may be accomplished inthe normal fashion utilizing these as-received results.10.3 Sieve Analysis or Washability Analysis SamplesSieveand washability testing are typically conducted on the air-driedsa
42、mples; mass data and analysis data are usually obtained on anair-dried basis (i.e., usually on an as-determined basis). Use theas-determined mass and the as-determined analytical data toperform the weight averaging. Weight-averaged results arethen reported on the as-determined tons basis, which can
43、thenbe converted to dry basis analytical data and dry basis massdata. Once the dry weight-averaged test results are calculated,the calculation of the weight-averaged values to othermoisture-content bases may be accomplished in the normalfashion.10.3.1 Alternatively, convert the air dried (as-determi
44、ned)analytical data and the air dried (as-determined) mass data toTABLE 2 Proximate AnalysisSample CoalAnalysisAsDeterminedBasisDryBasisAsReceivedBasisMoisture, % 8.23 . 23.24Ash, % 4.46 4.86 3.73Volatile, % 40.05 43.64 33.50Fixed carbon, % 47.26 51.50 39.53Total 100.00 100.00 100.00(Air-Dry Loss in
45、 accordance with Test Method D3302 = 16.36 %)D3180 153the dry basis and perform the weight averaging. Weight-averaged results are then reported on the dry tons basis. Oncethe dry weight-averaged test results are calculated, the calcu-lation of the weight-averaged values to other moisture-contentbase
46、s may be accomplished in the normal fashion.10.4 Example CalculationsThe below are several ex-amples that compare the results of proper weight averaging andthe results of improper weight averaging.10.4.1 Scenario 1: Trade Transaction; Mass and Total Mois-ture are on the As-Received Basis and Ash Val
47、ues (andAs-Determined Moisture) are on the As-Determined Basis.Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5Sublot AR Tons AR Moisture, % AD Moisture, % AD Ash, % D Ash, % AR Ash, %1 950 5.15 1.52 5.37 5.45 5.172 1020 4.92 1.38 4.95 5.02 4.773 1060 5.21 1.46 5.64 5.72 5.434 980 5.06 1.47 5.27 5.35 5.085 990 4.
48、87 1.51 5.13 5.21 4.95Composite 5000 5.04 5.08Step 6 Incorrect; Step 6A Incorrect; Step 6BAR Tons and AR Ash AR Tons and AD Ash AR Tons and D AshAR Tons AR Ash, %AR Tons * ARAsh, %AR Ash, % AR Tons * AD Ash, % AR Ash, % AR Tons * D Ash, % AR Ash, %950 5.17 4913.46 5101.50 5180.241020 4.77 4867.76 50
49、49.00 5119.651060 5.43 5750.89 5978.40 6066.98980 5.08 4976.42 5164.60 5241.65990 4.95 4905.44 5078.70 5156.565000 5.08 25413.97 5.08 26 372.20 5.27 26 765.09 5.3510.4.1.1 Step 1Record the wet tons represented by eachsublot sample (the as-received tons).10.4.1.2 Step 2Record the total moisture as as-receiveddata. At this point, the as-received total moisture weight-averaged (mathematical composite) value may be calculated.10.4.1.3 Step 3Record analysis data.NOTE 4It is not possible to calculate the mathematical composite/weight-averaged air-dried/as-
