1、Designation: D3217 07D3217/D3217M 13Standard Test Methods forBreaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop orKnot Configurations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3217;D3217/D3217M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the breaking tenacity of manufact
3、ured textile fibers taken from filament yarns,staple, or tow fiber, either crimped or uncrimped, and tested in either a double loop or as a strand formed into a single overhandknot.1.2 Methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of conditioned and wet (immersed) fibers in loop and knot form are incl
4、uded.1.3 Elongation in loop or knot tests has no known significance, and is usually not recorded.1.4 The basic distinction between the procedures described in these test methods and those included in Test Methods D2101is the configuration of the specimen, that is, either as a double loop or in the c
5、onfiguration of a single overhand knot.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo s
6、ystems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability
7、of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2101 Test Metho
8、d for Tensile Properties of Single Man-Made Textile Fibers Taken From Yarns and Tows (Withdrawn 1995)3D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for TestingD3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile FibersD4849 T
9、erminology Related to Yarns and Fibers3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: breaking force, breaking tenacity, linear density for fiber and yarn,manufactured staple fiber, tenaci
10、ty.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Single-fiber specimens in the form of a loop as described in 9.4.1 are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension type testingmachine at a predetermined rate of elongation and the breaking force
11、 is determined.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007July 1, 2013. Published January 2007August 2013. Originally approved in 1973. Last previo
12、us edition approved in 20012007 asD3217 01a.D3217 07. DOI: 10.1520/D3217-07.10.1520/D3217_D3217M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Doc
13、ument Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus
14、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Single-fiber specimens in the form of a knot as described in 9.4.2 are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension type testingmachine at a predetermined rate of elongation, and the breaking force is determined.4.3 The break
16、ing tenacity is calculated from the breaking force registered on the force-elongation curve and the previouslydetermined linear density.5. Significance and Use5.1 Both the loop breaking tenacity and the knot breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force measured under theconditions specified
17、 herein and the linear density of the fiber, are fundamental properties that are used to establish limitations onfiber-processing and upon their end-use applications. Physical properties, such as brittleness, not well defined by tests for breakingforce and elongation can be estimated from the ratio
18、of breaking tenacity measured in loop or knot tests, or both, and the normaltenacity as measured by Test Method D3822.5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable informationon between-laboratory precision (see Note 3). In some cas
19、es the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipmentof one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from differences i
20、n values reported by thepurchaser and the supplier when using this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratoryof the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimensrandomly drawn from
21、 one sample of material of the type being evaluated.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to Specification D76 for Constant-Rate-of-Specimen-Extension-(CRE) type machines,having a full-scale capacity ranging from 2 to 100 g and equipped with provisions for breaking fibers
22、immersed in a liquid if suchtests on a wet specimen are desired.6.2 Clamps, with flat jaws for gripping the fiber specimens designed to minimize slippage in the clamps during the tests, or6.2.1 Tabs, of thin plastic or other material for use with cementing techniques, and6.2.2 Cement or AdhesiveThe
23、adhesive must bind the tab to the fiber without affecting an appreciable solution of the latteror any change in the moisture content of the specimen.6.3 Wetting Agent (0.1 % solution)Use a nonionic aqueous solution.6.4 Jig, to aid in accurately mounting specimens on tabs at the specified gagegauge l
24、ength.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SamplingAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of shipping containers directed in theapplicable material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use PracticeD3333 or Practice D2258. Consider
25、shipping containers to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser or the supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenshipping units, between packages, ends, or other laboratory sampling unit within a shipping unit if applic
26、able, and within specimens from a singlepackage, end, or other laboratory sampling unit to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level,and limiting quantity level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for acceptance testing, take at random
27、 from each shipping container in the lotsample the number of laboratory sampling units as directed in an applicable material specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier such as an agreement to use Practice D3333 or Practice D2258. Preferably, the same number oflaboratory s
28、ampling units are taken from each shipping container in the lot sample. If differing numbers of laboratory samplingunits are to be taken from shipping containers in the lot sample, determine at random which shipping containers are to have eachnumber of laboratory units drawn.7.2.1 For Staple FiberTa
29、ke 50-g samples from laboratory sampling units.7.2.2 For Sliver (or Top) or TowTake 1 m from the leading end which has a clean, uniform appearance.7.2.3 For YarnsPrepare at least a 50-m skein from each package.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit, take ten specimens at random. If the
30、 standard deviation determinedfor the ten specimens is more than a value agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, continue testing in groups of tenspecimens from the same laboratory sampling unit in the container until the standard deviation for all specimens tested is not morethan the ag
31、reed to value or, by agreement, stop testing after a specified number.7.3.1 Carefully remove twist before taking specimens from yarn. Using tweezers and grasping the specimens at the ends, gentlyremove the required number of specimens from the laboratory sampling units for testing. In some cases, if
32、 specimens are not tobe tested immediately, place them on an identified short-pile of plush surface for storage until ready to test.D3217/D3217M 1328. Conditioning8.1 Precondition and condition the specimens, as directed in Practice D1776.8.1.1 Specimens that are to be tested wet need not be precond
33、itioned or conditioned.9. Procedure9.1 Test Conditions:9.1.1 StandardTest the adequately conditioned fibers as directed in thePractice D1776standard atmosphere for testing textileswhich is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity. .9.1.2 WetImmerse the specimens in a 0.1 % solution of a noni
34、onic wetting agent for a minimum of 2 min before testing. Tosave time in the tensile testing machine, specimens whose moduli are not affected by moisture may be immersed in separatecontainer of solution while other specimens are being broken.9.2 Measure and record the individual linear densities of
35、the fibers to be tested as directed in the vibroscope procedure of TestMethods D1577. Linear density of fibers for wet testing must be determined before exposure to wetting bath.9.3 Set the gagegauge length for a distance of 1 in. (25.4 mm)25 mm 1 in. between the clamps.9.3.1 When tabs are cemented
36、on the ends of the specimens, the specimen gagegauge length shall be 1 in. (25.4 mm).25 mm1 in.9.4 Preparation and Mounting of Specimens:9.4.1 LoopForm a double loop using two fiber specimens as shown in Fig. 1. Form a loop in Fiber A. Mount the ends of theloop, close together, in one of the clamps.
37、 Thread one end of Fiber B through the loop formed in FiberA. Mount both ends of FiberB, close together, in the other clamp removing slack without stretching the fibers. The intersection of the two fibers should bemidway between the clamps.9.4.2 KnotForm a single overhand knot in a fiber specimen as
38、 shown in Fig. 2. Mount the specimen with one end in each ofthe clamps, removing slack without stretching the fiber. The knot should be located midway between the clamps. Tabs may beattached to the fibers to assist in holding the specimens. If tabs are used, they define the nominal gagegauge length
39、of the fiberspecimen and are best located with the aid of a jig. Be sure that the fiber specimen is centered in the clamp, that the clamps arealigned, and that there is no lateral motion of either clamp.9.5 Operate the testing machine so that the breaking force falls in a range from 20 to 80 % of fu
40、ll-scale capacity, and at a rateof extension of 100 % of the nominal gagegauge length per minute (60 % per minute may be used for experimental purposeswithout any significant effect upon the observed breaking force of the test specimen). Start the machine and extend the specimento the rupture point.
41、9.5.1 Record which of the fibers in the looped pair breaks, if only one fiber breaks.9.5.2 If more than 5 % of the total number of fibers tested break within 5 mm of the clamps, check the clamping mechanismfor defects that might cause fiber damage.9.6 Measure straight breaking tenacity as specified
42、in Test Method D3822 using a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage25-mm 1-in. gaugelength and 100 % rate of extension, if requested.10. Calculation10.1 Loop Breaking TenacityCalculate the loop breaking tenacity of the individual specimens, expressed in grams-forcemillinewtons per tex or millinewtonsgrams-force per t
43、ex, using Eq 1:Loop breaking tenacity,gf/tex5M/2L (1)Loop breaking tenacity 5 M2L (1)FIG. 1 Loop Specimen ConfigurationD3217/D3217M 133where:M = breaking force, gf, andM = breaking force, mN gf, andL = linear density of the specific specimen that broke during the test, tex.If both fibers break use t
44、he average tex.NOTE 2Millinewtons per tex equal grams-force per tex times 9.81. Grams-force per denier or millinewtons per denier may be calculated by usingdenier rather than tex as the linear density of the specimens.10.1.1 Calculate the average loop breaking tenacity of all specimens tested.10.1.2
45、 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient of variation, or both, if requested.10.2 Knot Breaking TenacityCalculate the knot breaking tenacity of the individual specimens, in grams-force per tex or inmillinewtons per tex, using Eq 2 (Note 2):Knot breaking tenacity,gf/tex5M/L (2)Knot breaking t
46、enacity 5ML (2)where:M = breaking force, gf, andM = breaking force, mN gf, andL = linear density of the specimen, tex.10.2.1 Calculate the average knot breaking tenacity of all specimens tested.10.2.2 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient, or both, if requested.10.3 Straight Breaking Tenac
47、ityCalculate the straight breaking tenacity of the individual specimens as directed in TestMethods D2101, if requested.10.3.1 Calculate the average straight breaking tenacity of all the specimens tested, if requested.10.3.2 Calculate the standard deviation or the coefficient of variation, or both, i
48、f requested.10.4 Calculate the ratio of breaking tenacities of loop to straight configurations, if requested.10.5 Calculate the ratio of breaking tenacities of knot to straight configurations, if requested.11. Report11.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in Test Methods D3217. Describ
49、e the material or product sampled and themethod of sampling used.11.2 Report the following information when applicable:11.2.1 Average breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.2 Average loop breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.3 Ratio of breaking tenacities of loop to straight configurations,11.2.4 Average knot breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.5 Ratio of breaking tenacities in knot to straight configurations,11.2.6 Standard deviation or coefficient of variation, or both, for the properties measured,11.2.7 Rate of extension based on t
