1、Designation: D3241 16aD3241 17 An American National StandardDesignation 323/16Standard Test Method forThermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3241; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3、1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products withinthe fuel system.1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be
4、regarded as the referee value.1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safetywith certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 War
5、ningWARNINGMercuryMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material thatcan cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury cont
6、aining products. See the applicable product MaterialSafety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information.Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited bylaw.1.7 Th
7、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior t
8、o use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 11.1.1, and AnnexA5.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, G
9、uides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationE177 Practi
10、ce for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3274 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface Texture: Profile MethodNominal Characteristics Of Contact(Stylus
11、) Instrumentstexture: Profile methodNominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Propert
12、ies.Current edition approved July 1, 2016Sept. 1, 2017. Published July 2016November 2017. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD3241 16.D3241 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D3241-16A.10.1520/D3241-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactA
13、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:
14、/www.iso.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users cons
15、ult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、 PA 19428-2959. United States1ISO 4288 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface Texture: Profile MethodRules And Procedures For TheAssessment Of Surface Texturetexture: Profile methodRules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:4Color Standard for Tube Deposit R
17、ating3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 deposits, noxidative products laid down on the test area of the heater tube or caught in the test filter, or both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionFuel deposits will tend to predominate at the hottest portion of the heater tube, which is b
18、etween the 30-mm30 mm and50-mm50 mm position.3.1.2 heater tube, nan aluminum coupon controlled at elevated temperature, over which the test fuel is pumped.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe tube is resistively heated and controlled in temperature by a thermocouple positioned inside. The critical test area is the
19、 thinnerportion, 60 mm 60 mm in length, between the shoulders of the tube. Fuel inlet to the tube is at the 0-mm0 mm position, and fuelexit is at 60 mm.60 mm.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Pdifferential pressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method for measuring the high temperature stability of g
20、as turbine fuels uses an instrument that subjects the testfuel to conditions that can be related to those occurring in gas turbine engine fuel systems. The fuel is pumped at a fixed volumetricflow rate through a heater, after which it enters a precision stainless steel filter where fuel degradation
21、products may becometrapped.4.1.1 The apparatus uses 450 mL 450 mL of test fuel ideally during a 2.5-h2.5 h test. The essential data derived are the amountof deposits on an aluminum heater tube, and the rate of plugging of a 17 m 17 m nominal porosity precision filter located justdownstream of the he
22、ater tube.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of depositsthat form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.4 Available from ASTM International Headquarter
23、s. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3241. Original adjunct produced in 1986.TABLE 1 Instrument ModelsInstrument Model Pressurize With Principle Differential Pressure by202A nitrogen gear Hg Manometer; No Record203A nitrogen gear Manometer + Graphical Record215A nitrogen gear Transducer + Printed Record230A hyd
24、raulic syringe Transducer + Printout240A hydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout230 Mk IIIB hydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutF400C hydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + Printout230 Mk IVD hydraulic single piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutA See RR:D02-1309.B See
25、RR:D02-1631.C See RR:D02-1728.D See RR:D02-1757.D3241 1726. Apparatus6.1 Aviation Fuel Thermal Oxidation Stability Tester5Eight models of suitable equipment may be used as indicated in Table1.6.1.1 Portions of this test may be automated. Refer to the appropriate user manual for the instrument model
26、to be used for adescription of detailed procedure. A manual is provided with each test rig. (WarningWarningNoNo attempt should be madeto operate the instrument without first becoming acquainted with all components and the function of each.)6.1.2 Certain operational parameters used with the instrumen
27、t are critically important to achieve consistent and correct results.These are listed in Table 2.6.2 Heater Tube Deposit Rating Apparatus:6.2.1 Visual Tube Rater (VTR), the tuberator described in Annex A1.6.2.2 Standardization of Metrology Requirements:6.2.2.1 Number of Measured Points1200 in the ra
28、table area of the tube (between 5 mm and 55 mm above the bottom shoulderof the heater tube).(1) Circumferential Resolution(number of points measured on the heater tube circumference), 24 points equally spaced.(2) Longitudinal Resolution(number of points measured on the 50 mm rateable length of the h
29、eater tube), 50 points equallyspaced.6.2.2.2 Standard SpotThickest average deposit area described by either a 23 or 32 (longitudinal circumferential)arrangement of adjoining thickness measurement points, amongst the 1200 measured by the metrology techniques.6.2.3 Interferometric Tube Rater (ITR)the
30、tuberator described in Annex A2.6.2.4 Ellipsometric Tube Rater (ETR)the tuberator described in Annex A3.6.3 Because jet fuel thermal oxidation stability is defined only in terms of this test method, which depends upon, and isinseparable from, the specific equipment used, the test method shall be con
31、ducted with the equipment used to develop the testmethod or equivalent equipment.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Use distilled (preferred) or deionized water in the spent sample reservoir as required for Model 230 and 240 instruments.7.2 Use methyl pentane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, or n-heptane (technic
32、al grade, 95 mol % minimum purity) as general cleaningsolvent. This solvent will effectively clean internal metal surfaces of apparatus before a test, especially those surfaces (before thetest section) that contact fresh sample. (WarningWarningExtremely Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled (see A
33、nnexA5).)7.2.1 Use trisolvent (equal mix of acetone (1), toluene (2), and isopropanol (3) as a specific solvent to clean internal (working)surface of test section only. (WarningWarning(1) Extremely flammable, vapors may cause flash fire; (2) and (3) Flammable.Vapors of all three harmful. Irritating
34、to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.)7.3 Use dry calcium sulfate + cobalt chloride granules (97 + 3 mix) or other self-indicating drying agent in the aeration dryer.This granular material changes gradually from blue to pink color indicating absorption of water. (WarningWarningDoDo notinhale dust or
35、ingest. May cause stomach disorder.)8. Standard Operating Conditions8.1 Standard conditions of the test method are as follows:8.1.1 Fuel Quantity, 450-mL450 mL minimum for test +plus about 50 mL 50 mL for system.8.1.2 Fuel Pre-TreatmentFiltration through a single layer of general purpose, retentive,
36、 qualitative filter paper followed by a6-min6 min aeration at 1.51.5 L L/min min air flow rate for a maximum of 1000 mL 1000 mL sample using a coarse12-mm12 mm borosilicate glass gas dispersion tube.8.1.3 Fuel System Pressure, 3.45 MPa (500 psi) 3.45 MPa (500 psi) 610 % gauge.8.1.4 Thermocouple Posi
37、tion, at 39 mm.39 mm.8.1.5 Fuel System Prefilter Element, filter paper of 0.45-m0.45 m pore size.8.1.6 Heater Tube Control Temperature, preset as specified in applicable specification.8.1.7 Fuel Flow Rate, 3.03.0 mL mL/min min 6 10 %.8.1.8 Minimum Fuel Pumped During Test, 405 mL.405 mL.8.1.9 Test Du
38、ration, 150150 min 6 2 min.2 min.8.1.10 Cooling Fluid Flow, approximately 3939 L L/h, h, or center of green range on cooling fluid meter.8.1.11 Power Setting, approximately 75 to 100 on non-computer models; internally set for computer models.5 The following equipment, as described in Table 1 and RR:
39、D02-1309, was used to develop this test method. The following equipment, as described in Table 1 anddetermined as equivalent in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1631, is provided by PAC, 8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064. The following equipment, as described inTable 1 and determined as equivalen
40、t in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1728, is provided by Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585. This is notan endorsement or certification by ASTM International.D3241 173TABLE 2 Critical Operating Characteristics of D3241 InstrumentsItem DefinitionTest apparatus Tube-in-she
41、ll heat exchanger as illustrated in Fig. 1.Test coupons:Heater tube A, B, C, D Specially fabricated aluminum tube that produces controlledheated test surface; new one for each test. An electronic recordingdevice, such as a radio-frequency identification device (RFID),may be embedded into the heater
42、tube rivet located at the bottomof the heater tube.Tube identification Each heater tube may be physically identified with a unique serialnumber, identifying the manufacturer and providing traceability tothe original material batch. This data may be stored on an elec-tronic recording device, such as
43、a RFID, embedded into the heatertube.Tube metallurgy 6061-T6 Aluminum, plus the following criteriaa) The Mg:Si ratio shall not exceed 1.9:1b) The Mg2Si percentage shall not exceed1.85 %Tube dimensions: Dimension ToleranceTube length, mm 161.925 0.254Center section length, mm 60.325 0.051Outside diam
44、eters, mmShoulders 4.724 0.025Center section 3.175 0.051Inside diameter, mm 1.651 0.051Total indicator runout, mm, max 0.013Mechanical surface finish, nm, in accordance with ISO 3274and ISO 4288 using the mean of four 1.25measurements50 20Test filter 5 nominal 17-m stainless steel mesh filter elemen
45、t to trap deposits;new one for each testTest filter 5 nominal 17 m stainless steel mesh filter element to trap deposits;new one for each testInstrument parameters:Sample volume 600 mL of sample is aerated, then this aerated fuel is used to fillthe reservoir leaving space for the piston; 450 45 mL ma
46、y bepumped in a valid testSample volume 600 mL of sample is aerated, then this aerated fuel is used to fillthe reservoir leaving space for the piston; 450 mL 45 mL may bepumped in a valid testAeration rate 1.5 L/min dry air through spargerAeration rate 1.5 L min dry air through spargerFlow during te
47、st 3.0 10 % mL/min (2.7 min to 3.3 max)Flow during test 3.0 % 10 % mL/min (2.7 min to 3.3 max)Pump mechanism positive displacement, gear or piston syringeCooling bus bars fluid cooled to maintain consistent tube temperature pro-fileThermocouple (TC) Type J, fiber braid or Iconel sheathed, or Type K,
48、 Iconel sheathedOperating pressure:System 3.45 MPa 10 % on sample by pressurized inert gas (nitrogen) orby hydraulically transmitted force against control valve outlet re-strictionSystem 3.45 MPa 10 % on sample by pressurized inert gas (nitrogen) orby hydraulically transmitted force against control
49、valve outlet re-strictionAt test filter differential pressure (P) measured across test filter (by mercurymanometer or by electronic transducer) in mm HgOperating temperature:For test as stated in specification for fuelUniformity of run maximum deviation of 2C from specified temperatureUniformity of run maximum deviation of 2 C from specified temperatureCalibration pure tin at 232C (and for Models 230 and 240 only, pure lead at327C for high point and ice + water for low point reference)Calibration pur
