1、Designation: D3511/D3511M 13D3511/D3511M 15Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3511/D3511M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of orig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department
3、of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditions intendedto simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester. This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel fabricsincluding both woven and
4、knitted fabrics. intended to be used for upholstery, automotive, luggage and heavy duty uniform fabricsbecause it is highly abrasive. This does not however preclude it from being used for other types of fabrics. If unsure, comparisontests should be performed to ensure that this test method replicate
5、s pilling on the final product.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3512, D3514, and D4970.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact e
6、quivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the
7、user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3512 Test Method for P
8、illing Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test MethodsD4970 Test Method for Pilling
9、 Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The followin
10、g terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz, pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as fuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on laboratorytesting
11、machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wear conditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends that form fuzzon the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of the specimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends into pills. The1 This test method is under the jurisdiction o
12、fASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013July 1, 2015. Published January 2013August 2015. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2010 asD3511 10D3511 13.1. DOI
13、: 10.1520/D3511_D3511M-13.10.1520/D3511_D3511M-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available
14、 from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3512.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict al
15、l changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59. United States1degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual fabrics orphotographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary ratingscale.5. Significance
17、and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. Ifit is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases thepurchaser and the supplier may have to
18、 test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method,even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparativetests sh
19、ould be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As aminimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparatetest results were obtained, and randomly assigned in e
20、qual numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with establishedtest values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is foun
21、d, either its cause must be found and corrected,or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type offiber or blends, fiber dimensions
22、, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing beforerefurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions ofuse and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected
23、to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should beborne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast. These factorsare not evaluated when pilling is r
24、ated solely on the number of pills. The development of pills may be accompanied by othersurface phenomena such as loss of cover, color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall acceptability of a specificfabric is dependent on both the characteristics of the pills and the other factors a
25、ffecting surface appearance, it is suggested thatfabrics tested in the laboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability and not rated solely on the number ofpills developed. A series of standards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of the fabric type being tested, ma
26、y be setup to provide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageous when the laboratory test specimenscorrelate closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing theirnumber with respect to their size and c
27、ontrast, as a combined measure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because of theexcessive time required for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.4 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actualfabrics or photographs of fab
28、rics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported on anarbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (very severe pilling).5.5 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of woven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as a result ofvari
29、ations in fiber, yarn eight per tester.6.1.2.2 Brush Strip HeightA height of 24 mm .94 in. with an overall height of 32 mm 1.25 in., including the backing butnot the 9C-7200 holders.6.1.2.3 Brush Bristles Black nylon, 0.25-mm 10-mil diameter.6.1.2.4 Brush Holders Fuller Brush No. 9C-7200,5 2-strip c
30、hannel, 790 mm 31 in. long.6.1.2.5 Brush Mounting 9C-7200 holders spaced 35 mm 1.37 in. center hole to center hole.6.1.2.6 Emery Paper 320 Grit for sanding brushes.6.1.2.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solvent to clean brushes (see 7.1 and 10.1.2).6.1.3 Specimen Holder, (Fig. 2), si
31、x, each weighing 660 6 5 g, on which the fabric specimens are mounted. The face of theholders shall be covered with 3-mm 0.13 in thick by 108-mm 4.25-in. diameter soft cellular rubber to prevent specimen slippageduring testing.4 Apparatus is commercially available.5 Apparatus is commercially availab
32、le.D3511/D3511M 1526.2 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation4(Fig. 3) Facilities for illumination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneousviewing of test specimen and fabric or photographic rating standards.Apparatus and options for visual evaluation are listed in Table1.6.3 Standard In-House Pillin
33、g Test Fabric, having an established pilling resistance rating, for checking machine performance.No universal standard fabric is available. Each test facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.4 Rating Standards:6.4.1 FabricAseries of tested specimens of a specific type in-house fabric, which s
34、hows degrees of pilling or other distortions,or both, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the in-house fabric rating standards and handle them under conditions that willpreserve their original form and appearance.6.4.2 PhotographicAset of 5 photographs, 105 mm square 4.13 in., numbered 1 to
35、5, illustrating varying degrees of pillingfrom “very severe pilling” to “no pilling”, such as Adjunct D3512.6.4.3 Digital Imaging or Rating System, or both.6.5 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.6 Facilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this t
36、est method may be hazardous. Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets for informationon use, handling, storage, and disposal of these products.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric or fabric components of fabricated systems to be the primary samplingunit, as appl
37、icable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability among rolls,bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch of fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments and among garme
38、ntswithin a carton, to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sampling unit take one fullwidth piece of fabric that is 1 m 1 yd in lengthalong the selvage (machine di
39、rection), after first removing a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components of fabricated systems usethe entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garment from each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned be
40、fore cutting the test specimens, using conditions appropriate for the fabric enduse or conditions agreed upon by all interested parties.FIG. 1 Brush Pilling TesterD3511/D3511M 1539.2 Cut specimens in squares 32061 mm 960.05 in. with the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling (course) directio
41、nsor circles having a diameter of 175 6 2 mm 7 6 0.1 in.9.2.1 Take six specimens, two each from the right, center, and left areas of each laboratory sampling unit. Take the specimensevenly spaced across the width of the laboratory sample or from three different panels in a garment. Specimens should
42、be staggeredFIG. 2 Specimen HolderNOTE 1Not drawn to scale.FIG. 3 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationD3511/D3511M 154in such a manner that no specimens contain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and other distortions. Avoid getting oil,water, grease, etc. on the specimen when handling. Unless oth
43、erwise specified, do not cut specimens nearer the selvage than onetenth the width of the fabric.9.3 Mark warp (wale) and filling (course) direction on the edge of each specimen.9.3.1 Mark the replicate specimens as AL, BL; AC, BC; and AR, BR with L, C, and R indicating left, center, and right areas
44、ofthe fabric width.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Maintenance Checks:10.1.1 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one or more standard in-house fabrics of known pilling resistance asdirected as follows:10.1.1.1 If the tester is in daily use, check the tester using the standard fabric(s) a
45、t least once a week.10.1.1.2 If testing is done infrequently, check the tester using the standard fabric(s) each time it is used.10.1.2 If the tester is used daily, clean the brushes with a suitable solvent such as acetone (see 6.1), remove any lint with a handcard, and clip any protruding bristles
46、at least once a week. If testing is done infrequently, check for these conditions before eachtesting session.10.2 Corrective Action:10.2.1 If the results obtained on the standard fabric are not in agreement with the established values, clean the brushes asdirected in 10.1.2.10.2.2 If cleaning fails
47、to produce results which equate the established values, sand the brushes with emery paper mounted onthe specimen holders.10.2.3 Continue testing until results are acceptable, or until a replacement set of in-house standards is established.11. Conditioning11.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equ
48、ilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed inPractice D1776 or, if applicable, in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.12. Procedure12.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.12.2 Place the brush board on the
49、19.0-mm 0.75-in. radius rotating platform with the bristles pointing upwards.12.3 Mount the six specimens on the six holders, fabric face exposed and under sufficient tension to prevent wrinkling. Placethe specimen holders over the vertical positioning pins so that the fabric face makes contact with the brush bristles.12.4 Brush the specimens 4 min 6 10 s.NOTE 3The test time intervals used should reproduce the appearance of actual wear as seen in garments made from the specific type of fabric undertest. The test time intervals
