1、Designation: D 3699 06An American National StandardStandard Specification forKerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers two grades of kerosine suitablefor
3、 use in critical kerosine burner applications:1.1.1 No. 1-KA special low-sulfur grade kerosine suitablefor use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances andfor use in wick-fed illuminating lamps.1.1.2 No. 2-KA regular grade kerosine suitable for use influe-connected burner appliances and for u
4、se in wick-fedilluminating lamps.1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as areference for industry and governmental standardization, andas a source of technical information.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agree-ment between the purchaser and the supplier, pres
5、cribes therequired properties of kerosine at the time and place of custodytransfer.1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as thestandard.NOTE 1The generatio
6、n and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on thesubject, see Guide D 4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAt
7、mospheric PressureD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)D 187 Test Method for Burning Quality of KerosineD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparenta
8、nd Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2887 Test Met
9、hod for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 4294 Test Method for
10、 Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D 5453 Tes
11、t Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by UltravioletFluorescenceD 5901 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Optical Method)D 5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D 6469 Guide for
12、Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel Systems2.2 Energy Institute Standard:IP 10 Burning Test24 Hour, Standard Methods for Analy-sis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products, Vol 132.3 Other Documents:26 CFR, Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye, Color, andConcentration41This specification is
13、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0.01 on Burner Fuels.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 369905.2F
14、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London,
15、 WIG 7AR,U.K.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Gener
16、al Requirements3.1 Kerosine shall be a refined petroleum distillate consist-ing of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons essentially freeof water, inorganic acidic or basic compounds, and excessiveamounts of particulate contaminants. Additive usage can beestablished by mutual agreement of the suppli
17、er and thepurchaser.4. Detailed Requirements4.1 The kerosine shall conform to the detailed requirementsprescribed in Table 1.4.2 The kerosine shall conform to the following require-ments when tested for burning quality as specified:4.2.1 Time of BurningA minimum of 16 h continuousburning after the f
18、irst weighing shall be required.4.2.2 Rate of BurningAfter the first weighing, the rate ofburning shall be 18 to 26 g/h with the Institute of Petroleum(IP) Test Method, IP 10.4.2.3 Appearance of Chimney at End of TestsThe chim-ney shall have no more than a light, white deposit.4.2.4 Flame Characteri
19、stics at End of TestAt the end oftest, the width of the flame shall not vary by more than 6 mm,and the height of the flame shall not have lowered by more than5 mm from the respective measurements recorded at the start ofthe test.NOTE 2The significance of ASTM specifications for kerosine isdiscussed
20、in Appendix X1.5. Test Methods5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted.5.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D56, except where othermethods are prescribed by law. Test Method D 3828 may beused as an alternate with
21、the same limits. In case of a dispute,Test Method D56shall be used as the referee method.5.1.2 DistillationDistillation shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D86or D 2887. In case of dispute,Test Method D86shall be used as the referee method.55.1.3 ViscosityTest Method D 445.5.1.4 Sul
22、furTest Method D 1266. Test Methods D 2622,D 4294,orD 5453 can also be used. In case of a dispute, TestMethod D 1266 is the referee sulfur test method for thisspecification.5.1.5 Mercaptan SulfurTest Method D 3227.5.1.6 Copper Strip CorrosionTest Method D 130, 3 h testat 100C.5.1.7 Freezing PointTes
23、t Method D 2386. Automatic TestMethods D 5901 and D 5972 can be used as alternates with thesame limits. In case of a dispute, Test Method D 2386 shall beused as referee.5.1.8 Burning QualityTest Method D 187.5.1.9 Saybolt ColorTest Method D 156.6. Keywords6.1 fuel oil; kerosine; petroleum and petrol
24、eum products5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D021553.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for KerosineProperty ASTM Test Method LimitAFlash Point C, min D56 38Distillation (one of the followingrequirements shall be met):
25、1. Physical Distillation D86Distillation temperature, C10 % volume recovered, max 205Final boiling point, max 3002. Simulated DistillationBD 2887Distillation temperature, C10 % volume recovered, max 185Final boiling point, max 340Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D 445min 1.0max 1.9Sulfur, % mass D
26、1266No. 1-K, max 0.04No. 2-K, max 0.30Mercaptan sulfur, % mass, maxCD 3227 0.003Copper strip corrosion rating max,3 h at 100CD 130 No. 3Freezing point, C, max D 2386 30Burning quality, min D 187 pass (see 4.2)Saybolt color, min D 156 +16DATo meet special operating conditions, modifications of indivi
27、dual limitingrequirements, except sulfur, can be agreed upon among purchaser, seller andmanufacturer.BTest Method D 2887, Simulated Distillation, was determined to be an accept-able alternative test method to Test Method D86, Physical Distillation, based onRR:D021553. This report has been filed at A
28、STM International Headquarters andmay be obtained by request.CThe Mercaptan sulfur determination can be waived if the fuel is consideredsweet by Test Method D 4952.DAppendixes X1.1 and X1.12 contain additional information on color, red dye,and potential application problems.D3699062APPENDIX(Nonmanda
29、tory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR KEROSINEX1.1 ColorAn indication of the overall purity of theproduct, and is a useful parameter in ensuring the freedomfrom trace contamination with heavier products which mayrender the kerosine to be unsuitable for designated criticala
30、pplications. Kerosine that is subjected to long term storage,excessive heat, or both, particularly in summer storage inabove ground tanks, can become unsuitable for use due todegradation and associated loss of Saybolt Color quality. Somecontaminants can adversely affect the performance of kerosine,p
31、articularly in wick-fed, unvented applications like 1-K spaceheaters. Detection of these contaminants may require addi-tional testing, such as sulfur content or distillation. Unlessgross contamination is present, these tests may not readilyidentify the presence of contamination.X1.1.1 Red DyeKerosin
32、e sold exempt from federal motorfuel excise tax sold from terminals may contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per1000 barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26, whererequired in the United States of America (for example, by 26CFR, Part 48). If clear
33、, undyed fuel is desired for tax-exemptapplications, the Internal Revenue Service has provided otheroptions, such as blocked pumps, for consideration. The addi-tion of red dye makes it more difficult to detect contaminationby visual inspection. Kerosine subjected to dying must meetthe minimum Saybol
34、t Color of +16 prior to the introduction ofred dye.X1.2 Mercaptan SulfurMercaptans are limited to pre-clude undesirable side-reactions and to minimize the unpleas-ant odor.X1.3 Doctor TestThe doctor test is an indirect indicationof Mercaptan levels.X1.4 SulfurLimited sulfur content of kerosine may b
35、erequired for special uses or to meet legal requirements forsulfur dioxide emissions.X1.5 DistillationAn indication of the volatility of a fuel.The maximum 10 % and final boiling point limits specifiedestablish a suitable boiling range to readily vaporize thekerosine in normal applications.X1.6 Flas
36、h PointThe flash point of kerosine is usedprimarily as an index of fire hazards. The minimum permis-sible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, ormunicipal laws and is based on accepted practice in handlingand use.X1.7 Freezing PointThe temperature at which crystals ofhydrocarbons form
37、ed on cooling disappear when the tempera-ture of the fuel is allowed to rise. The waxy crystals may clogthe wick in wick-fed systems and can block filter passages infuel handling systems.X1.8 ViscosityThe measure of internal resistance to flow,and an indication of flowability and lubricity.X1.9 Burn
38、ing QualityAn indication of the kerosine per-formance in critical applications. The inherent burning qualitypotential of the bulk fuel, as determined by conventionalparameters such as smoke point, luminometer number, orhydrogen content, cannot always be fully realized due to theadverse overriding ef
39、fect of trace quantities of certain sulfur,oxygen, or nitrogen compounds that can be present in somekerosines. Thus, the burning quality of kerosine must beevaluated by designation of a suitable bench-type burning test.X1.9.1 Burning tests are essentially performance tests andare a direct method for
40、 determining the quality of the kerosinesfor the specific purpose for which they are intended. However,it is not possible to make tests in all kinds of commercialequipment, or under all the combinations of such factors aslocation, time, temperature, humidity, air currents, and clean-liness. These di
41、fficulties are partially overcome by selectingequipment for the burning test that is known to be severe (TestMethod D 187), and by extending the test beyond the typicaltime interval between cleanings of the lamp in its usual service.X1.9.2 The most important features in Test Method D 187are the shap
42、e and size of the flame. Changes in flame size orshape are generally caused by changes in the portion of thewick adjacent to the flame. Some wick crusts are bushy andincrease flame size; others tend to enclose the surface of thewick and cause flame shrinkage. The worst type of deposit is anirregular
43、 one, sometimes localized as mushroom formations,that produces a distorted flame and usually causes smoking,which is quite objectionable to the user.X1.9.3 The condition of the chimney at the end of theburning test is also important. Illuminating kerosine should notcause objectionable smoke deposit
44、on the chimney. An appre-ciable black sooty deposit is obviously objectionable, but theoperator must always assure himself that it is not caused bydrafts or improper testing techniques. A heavy whitish depositnearly always forms when a new chimney is put into service.X1.10 CorrosionAn indication of
45、the tendency to corrodecopper and copper-alloy components that may be present in thekerosine handling and burner systems.X1.11 Microbial ContaminationRefer to Guide D 6469for a discussion of this form of contamination.D3699063X1.12 Potential Application ConcernsX1.12.1 Red DyeIt is recommended that
46、1-K kerosineused in unvented, wick-fed applications like space heaters beclear and undyed. Red dye can mask the presence of contami-nants like diesel. Some of these contaminants may adverselyaffect the performance of unvented, wick-fed space heaters.Elevated sulfur content, higher aromatics, and ole
47、fin content,associated with diesel contamination, are known to increaseperformance problems with wick-fed, unvented applicationsand can be detrimental to health. Additionally, insufficienthealth testing on red-dyed 1-K for use in unvented, wick-fedapplications, like 1-K space heaters, has also resul
48、ted in arecommendation for the exclusion of red-dyed 1-K usage atthis time. Once additional testing is conducted, a review will bemade and reconsideration given to red-dyed 1-K.X1.12.2 Other Additives and Potential BlendingComponentsThrough field experiences and laboratory data,it has been demonstra
49、ted that certain additives or non-kerosineblending components, or both, can negatively impact burnquality performance in unvented, wick-fed space heaters.Negative performances have been observed in wick-fed appli-cations when 1K kerosine contains nitrate-containing cetaneimprovers at 500 wppm or higher, contains certain lubricityadditives at 5000 wppm or higher, and when biodiesel isblended at 20 vol% or higher. The listing of these materials andtheir respective treat/blend rates is not intended to imply thatlower levels of these materials, o
