1、Designation: D4151 10D4151 18Standard Test Method forFlammability of Blankets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a means to identify blanket fabrics which ignite easily and propagate flame across the surface.1.2 This test method specifies
3、the procedures described in the “Voluntary Blanket Flammability Standard” which has been usedby the blanket industry in the United States since 1972.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but
4、does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1This test method is not identical to 16 CFR Part 1610, Flammability of Clothing Textiles. Consumer Product Safety Commission regulati
5、onsrequire that fabrics introduced into commerce meet the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1610.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,conc
6、erns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accorda
7、nce with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
8、dards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3411 Test Method for Flammability of Textile Materials (Withdrawn 1981)32.2 Federal Specification:NNN-P-40b33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blank
9、et, nfor bedding, an unquilted fabric covering designed primarily to provide thermal insulation.3.1.1.1 DiscussionBlankets may be made by any textile process from various types of fibers and may or may not have a raised fiber surface.Construction may be woven, knitted, flocked, or nonwoven.3.1.1.2 D
10、iscussion1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability.Current edition approved June 15, 2010Jan. 1, 2018. Published August 2010February 2018. Originally published asapproved in D4151 82. Discont
11、inued January 2010and reinstated 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4151 10.D4151-10. DOI: 10.1520/D4151-10 . 10.1520/D4151-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolum
12、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an AS
13、TM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published
14、 by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Electric blankets include resistance heating wires and can provide heat as well as thermal insulation.3.1.2 flammability, nthose charac
15、teristics of a material that pertain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability to sustaincombustion.NOTE 2In this test, evidence of ignition is shown by discoloration, charring, or burning of the paper monitor.3.1.3 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.2 For definitions of other textile
16、 terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Specimens cut from the blanket fabric are prepared by brushing if they have a raised fiber surface and by drying. The driedspecimen is held in a special apparatus, a standardized flame is applied to the surface f
17、or a specified time under controlledconditions, and burning, charring, or discoloration of a paper monitor is noted. Two classes of flammability are described.4.1.1 Aburn of sufficient intensity to discolor a paper monitor in specified contact with the surface of the test specimen indicatesignition
18、of the blanket surface (see 11.4.1).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method for the determination of the flammability of blankets is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments of blankets since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance test
19、ing.5.2 This test method is used to evaluate electric blanket fabric, but tests should be performed on the fabric itself intended toevaluate fabrics used in electric blankets without the resistance heating wires inserted.wires.5.3 All fabrics made of natural or regenerated cellulose, as well as many
20、 made from other natural or synthetic fibers, arecombustible. Some combustible Fabrics are potentially combustible. Some fabrics when used for blankets are potentiallydangerous to the user because ofdepending on the ease of ignition, rapidity, and intensity of burning. The first characteristic canbe
21、 judged with the aid of the flammability tester.This test method addresses some of these characteristics.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Flammability Tester, as shown in Figs. 1-4 and described in A1.1.1, A1.1.2, and A1.1.9 of Test Method D1230.6.1.1 The test cabinet shall be equipped with a system to
22、 control the time of flame impingment on the specimen to 1 6 0.05s. A system found to be suitable is:6.1.1.1 Adjustable electronic timer controlling a burner solenoid to activate the burner mechanism.FIG. 1 Flammability TesterD4151 1826.1.1.2 Electronic Counter (digital clock reading to 0.01 s), sta
23、rted by a switch that is activated by the burner mechanism whenthe burner is in the position to impinge flame on the specimen and is stopped when the burner retracts from the specimen.FIG. 2 Flammability Tester (Cabinet Details)FIG. 3 Flammability Tester (Additional Cabinet Details)D4151 183NOTE 3A
24、flammability tester made for use in Test Method D1230 has to be modified when used with Test Method D4151 by changing the burner,specimen holder, and timing mechanism.6.2 Specimen Holder and Base, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6.FIG. 4 Flammability Tester ArrangementFIG. 5 Specimen Holder AssemblyD4151 18
25、46.2.1 The base shall be mounted on the floor of the cabinet approximately center on both axes. The position of the base shallbe adjustable along both the length and width axes of the flammability test cabinet.6.3 Burner, as shown in Fig. 7.FIG. 6 Specimen Holder DetailsFIG. 7 Burner DetailsD4151 18
26、56.3.1 The burner is a No. 18 hypodermic needle. The needle is cut off below the ferrule approximately 1.5 mm (116 in.) long.One end of an 3-mm (18-in.) OD copper tube approximately 200 mm (8 in.) long is soldered or cemented with epoxy adhesiveinto the ferrule of the hypodermic needle. The other en
27、d is soldered to the gas feeding tube which is part of the mechanism usedto impinge the flame on the specimen (see Figs. 1-7).6.4 Methane, technical grade (at least 97 % pure).6.4.1 The gas line to the burner shall be equipped with a needle valve to control the flame length.6.4.2 Gas is supplied to
28、the burner at a pressure of 17.2 6 3.4 kPa (2.5 6 0.5 psig) at the needle valve inlet.6.5 Brushing Device, as shown in Fig. 8 and described inA1.2 of Test Method D1230, except that the brush rests on the carriagevertically with a pressure of 75 6 10 g instead of 150 g as described in A1.2.1 of Test
29、Method D1230.FIG. 8 Brushing DeviceD4151 1866.6 Laboratory Drying Oven, forced-draft.6.7 Desiccator(s) of sufficient size to hold five mounted specimens at one time.6.8 Silica Gel Desiccant, indicating type.6.9 Paper Monitor,4conforming to Federal Specification NNN-P-40b, Type II.6.10 Laboratory Hoo
30、d, or other suitable enclosure, to provide a draft free environment surrounding the flammability tester.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SizeA lot is defined as all the fabric in a single manufacturing run of one type of fabric not exceeding 100 rolls orpieces or 4000 end-use items.7.2 Lot SampleUnless otherwise
31、agreed upon, as when specified in an applicable material specification, randomly take as thelot sample the number of rolls, pieces, or end-use items specified in Table 1.7.3 Laboratory SampleFor fabric in rolls or pieces, take as a laboratory sample a full width swatch 1 m (1 yd) long from theoutsid
32、e of each roll in the lot sample or from one end of each piece in the lot sample, after first discarding a full width length of1 m from the very end of each roll or piece. For fabric already made up into end-use items, such as blankets, all of the items inthe lot sample will constitute the laborator
33、y sample.7.4 Conditions for SamplingSample and test the finished fabric as it will reach the consumer. Remove the wire harness fromelectric blankets before testing.7.5 Test Specimens Test specimens are to be taken from each unit of the laboratory sample as described in 8.1.8. Preparation of Specimen
34、s and Paper Monitor8.1 Cutting SpecimensTen specimens, each measuring 70 by 70 mm (2.75 by 2.75 in.), shall be randomly selected from eachswatch or end-use item in the laboratory sample. No specimen shall be taken nearer to the selvages or fabric edges that 110 of thewidth of the sample.8.1.1 Carefu
35、lly note the face or back side of the fabric.8.2 Cutting Paper MonitorTen paper monitors, each measuring 75 by 90 mm (3.0 by 3.5 in.) with hole punches as shown inFig. 4, except that the large center hole shall be 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter instead of 65 mm (2.5 in.) as cut in the specimen holderplat
36、e.8.3 BrushingEach specimen having a raised fiber surface shall be brushed once against the lay of the surface fibers with thebrushing device shown in Fig. 8. Other specimens do not require brushing.8.4 Specimen MountingAfter brushing, mount each specimen in a specimen holder. Avoid handling the spe
37、cimens except onthe edges. Mount the specimen and paper monitor in the following order: (1) bottom plate, (2) specimen with surface to be testedfacing upward, (3) paper monitor, placed with the two small holes fitting over the guide pins on the bottom plate of the specimenholder and (4) top plate. T
38、his will set the larger circular hole in the paper concentric with the hole in the top plate.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Burner Adjustment:9.1.1 Adjust the burner in the actuated position (see Fig. 9) so the burner tip is 8 mm (516 in.) from the specimen surface. Aburner height gage clamped in th
39、e specimen holder, Fig. 7, is used for this adjustment. With the burner in the actuated position,move the base and holder assembly away from the burner tube so that the burner tip is 3.2 mm (18 in.) off center. Secure holderassembly to cabinet floor.4 The sole source of supply of the lens paper conf
40、orming to Fed. Spec. NNN-P-40b, Type II, is sold by VWR Scientific Products, 1430 Waukegan Road, McGraw Park,IL 60085-6787 (Catalog No. 52845009). If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.TABLE 1 Selection of Lot Samples of Blanket F
41、abricNumber of Units in Lot Rolls, Pieces,End-Use Itemsin SampleNumberSpecimensRolls or Pieces End-Use Items1 to 10 1 to 400 1 1011 to 20 401 to 800 2 2021 to 30 801 to 1200 3 3031 to 40 1201 to 1600 4 4041 or more 1601 or more 5 50D4151 1879.1.2 Adjust the timer so that the burner, when actuated, r
42、emains in position. Apply the flame to the specimen for an averagetime of 1 6 0.05 s. This is accomplished by actuating the burner mechanism, reading the time on the counter, and adjusting asnecessary.9.1.3 Adjust the flame length with the hood fan turned off and the burner in the retracted position
43、. Use the needle valve to adjustthe flame length to 16 mm (58 in.) from the tip of the burner, measuring only the clearly visible yellow portion of the flame. Asuitable gage for this adjustment is shown in Fig. 7. The gage is held at a right angle to the burner axis. It is necessary to allowgas to f
44、low through the burner for up to 5 min to purge all air from the system before attempting to adjust the flame length.10. Conditioning10.1 Dry the mounted specimens in a horizontal position in a forced draft oven at 105 6 3C (220 6 5F) for 30 min, removefrom the oven, and place over an indicating des
45、iccant such as silica gel for not less than 30 min nor more than 60 min.10.1.1 Ensure that the brushed surface of each specimen is not touched or disturbed.10.1.2 Do not place more than five specimens in the desiccator at one time.11. Procedure11.1 After preparing the apparatus, remove a mounted spe
46、cimen from the desiccator and place it in position on the rack in thechamber of the apparatus. Expose the specimen to the flame within 30 s of the time it is removed from the desiccator.11.2 Close the door of the apparatus. Set the timer at zero. Conduct the test in a draft-free room with the appara
47、tus at roomtemperature.11.3 Activate the timing mechanism to apply the flame to the specimen for a period of 1 6 0.05 s.11.4 When the burner combustion has stopped, as evidenced by the absence of flame and afterglow, remove the mountedspecimen from the cabinet, place it on a flat surface, and determ
48、ine whether or not base fabric ignition has occurred.11.4.1 Ignition is considered to have occurred if the paper monitor is burned, charred, or discolored at any point.11.5 Test ten specimens, five on the face side and five on the back side for each laboratory sample unitunit.12. Interpretation of R
49、esults12.1 In order to place blanket fabrics in one or another of two classes of flammability, a decision is made on whether or nota paper monitor burns, chars, or discolors as described in 11.4.1. It must be understood, however, that no guarantee can be givenand none is implied that a blanket fabric or product falling into either of the two classes will or will not be hazardous under someconditions of use.12.2 The classes are as follows:12.2.1 Class IIf none of the paper monitors burn, char, or become discolored after exposing the specimens
