1、Designation: D4355 07D4355/D4355M 14Standard Test Method forDeterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moistureand Heat in a Xenon Arc Type Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4355;D4355/D4355M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Departm
3、ent of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the deterioration in tensile strength of geotextiles by exposure to xenon arcradiation, moisture, and heat.1.2 The light and water exposure apparatus employs a xenon-arc light source.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or i
4、nch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not pu
5、rport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D12
6、3 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)3D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Tes
7、t MethodG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG155 Pr
8、actice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 geotextileany permeable textile material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineeringrelated material that is
9、an integral part of a man-made product, structure, or system.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123, for geotextile terms refer toTerminology D4439.3.2.2 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are applicable to this standar
10、d.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Five specimens of a geotextile for the machine direction and for the cross machine direction are exposed in a xenon arcdevice for each of the following times: 0 (control specimens), for 150, 300, and 500 h. The exposure consists of 120-min cycles1 This test method is u
11、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.Current edition approved April 1, 2007July 15, 2014. Published May 2007September 2014. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20052007
12、asD4355 05.D4355 07. DOI: 10.1520/D4355-07.10.1520/D4355_D4355M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM we
13、bsite.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possib
14、le to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
15、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1as follows: 90 min of light only at 65 6 3C 65 6 3C uninsulated black panel temperature and 50 6 5%50 6 10 % relativehumidity, followed by 30 min of light plus water spray. (See Note 8.)4.2 After each exposure period, the specimens are subjected to a cut o
16、r ravel strip tensile test. The average breaking strengthin each direction is compared with the average breaking strength in each direction of the control specimens. The percent strengthretained is plotted versus exposure period to produce a degradation curve for the specimens from each direction.5.
17、 Significance and Use5.1 This method is intended to induce property changes associated with end use conditions, including the effects of solarradiation, moisture and heat. The exposure used is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weatherphenomena such as atmospheric polluti
18、on, biological attack, and salt water exposure.5.2 The relation between time to failure in an exposure conducted in accordance with this test method, and service life in aspecific outdoor environment requires determination of an acceleration factor as defined in Terminology G113. The accelerationfac
19、tor is material-dependent and is only valid if it is based on data from a sufficient number of separate exterior andlaboratory-accelerated exposures so that the results used to relate times to failure in each exposure can be analyzed using statisticalmethods.NOTE 1An example of a statistical analysi
20、s using multiple laboratory and exterior exposures to calculate an acceleration factor is described by J. A.Simms.4 See Practice G151 for more information and additional cautions about the use of acceleration factors.5.2.1 The deterioration curve obtained from the results of this test method enables
21、 the user to determine the tendency of ageotextile to deteriorate when exposed to xenon arc radiation, water and heat.5.3 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this test method.Its intended use is as a qualitative assessment of the pr
22、esence of ultraviolet inhibitors, and comparison of that influence betweenproducts. However, no inference to the time of stability should be implied by the test results to the relation between time durationand outdoor exposure.NOTE 2Information on sources of variability and on strategies for address
23、ing variability in the design, execution and data analysis of laboratoryaccelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.5.3.1 If it becomes necessary for the purchaser and seller to use this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, ifany, between the purchasers and sellers laborat
24、ories should be determined. Such comparison is to based on specimens randomlydrawn from the sample of geotextile being evaluated.5.3.2 In such cases, as a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible,and which are from a lot of material of the t
25、ype in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaireddata and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testin
26、g started. If a bias is found, either its cause mustbe found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Xenon-Arc Apparatus, with daylight filters conforming to Practices G151 and G155.NOTE 3Previous ver
27、sions of this standard referenced in Practice G26 which describes specific equipment designs of xenon arc devices. Practice G26has been replaced by Practice G151, which gives performance criteria for all devices that use laboratory light sources, plus Practice G155, which givesrequirements for expos
28、ure of nonmetallic materials in xenon arc devices.6.1.1 The apparatus must be capable of exposing the specimens to cycles of light only, followed by light and moisture as waterspray.6.2 Strength Testing Apparatus , Apparatus, conforming to that described for a 2-in. cut or ravel strip test, as descr
29、ibed in TestMethodsMethod D5035.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an applicablematerial specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling
30、units. If the specification requires sampling during manufacture, select the rolls for the lot sample at uniformly spacedtime intervals throughout the production period.NOTE 4An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabil
31、ity between rollsof fabric, and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric, so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumersrisk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.4 Simms, J.A., The Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 50, 1987, pp. 45-53.Sim
32、ms, J. A., The Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 50, 1987, pp. 45-53.D4355/D4355M 1427.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample a sample extending the full width of the fabric of sufficient length alongthe selvage from each sample roll such that the requirements of 8.1 are met. The sample
33、 shall exclude material from the outer wrapof the roll or the inner wrap around the core unless the sample is taken at the production site, at which point inner and outer wrapmaterial may be used.8. Specimen Preparation8.1 Take two, one-metre square portions from the laboratory sample. Each shall be
34、 no closer to the selvage than 110 the samplewidth. One is to be used for machine direction specimens, the other for cross machine direction specimens.NOTE 5Since the thickness of a specimen may markedly affect test results, thickness of the replicate specimens shall be within 6 10% 610 % ofthe nomi
35、nal dimensions. This is especially important when mechanical properties are being investigated.8.2 Use template illustrated in Fig. 1 to identify potential specimens from which the actual specimens are drawn. To select theseactual specimens randomly draw 20 specimens from both the machine and cross
36、directions measuring 50 by 150 mm (22 by 6in.)in. from the one-metre square portions of each laboratory sample as directed in Practice D1898.NOTE 6In the event that roller grips are used to hold the specimens in the tensile testing machine, specimens must be longer than the 150 mm lengthspecified. T
37、hey shall be of sufficient length to ensure proper gripping. The portions of the specimens may be rolled to accommodate placement in theweatherometer. weathering device. See Fig. 2Figs. 2 and 3 and Fig. 3for placement of specimens in the weatherometer. a weathering device. Please notethat the rolled
38、 portions of the specimens shall be protected from exposure to the UV light radiation while in the weatherometer.a weathering device.9. Procedure9.1 Operate the xenon-arc test apparatus as directed in Practices G151 and G155. Expose test specimens to the following cycle:90 min of light only at 65 6
39、2.5C (149 6 5F) 65 6 3C 149 6 5F uninsulated black panel temperature, and50 6 5 %50 6 10 % relative humidity, followed by 30 min of light and water spray.NOTE 7Immersion in water during exposure to light is one of the methods specified in Practices G151 and G155 for providing moisture to specimens.I
40、t can be substituted for water spray if equivalency is demonstrated, or the geotextile will be immersed in water in its final installation.NOTE 8The 6 values are the maximum allowed operational fluctuations about the set points. If the operational fluctuations are greater than themaximum allowable a
41、fter the equipment is stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause of the problem before continuing9.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, maintainset the minimum level of irradiance at the control point to produce 0.35 6W(/mW/(m2/ nm) nm) at 340 nm. nm maintained at 0.02 W/(m2nm). If the exposu
42、re device is not equipped with irradiancecontrol, follow the device manufacturers recommendations to produce this irradiance. for the equivalent 300-400 300 to 400 nmor 300-800 300 to 800 nm broad band irradiances and tolerances, consult the manufacturer for the specification.NOTE 9Practice G155 doe
43、s not specify a particular irradiance level. Various options are listed in Table X3.1 of the appendix in Practice G155.However, as the historical records of testing of geotextiles are based on the irradiance of 0.35 W/m2/nm at 340 nm, this shall be the standard for TestMethod D4355.9.2 Randomly assi
44、gn five specimens for each direction from each laboratory sample to each of the following exposure times:0 (unexposed), 150, 300, and 500 clock hours. Place fifteen15 specimens from each direction from each laboratory sample in theapparatus, such that the side most likely to solar radiation will be
45、exposed to radiation in the apparatus.9.3 Rotate the positions of the specimens in accordance with Practice G155.9.4 At the end of each exposure time, remove the appropriate five specimens for each direction for cut or ravel strip tensiletesting.FIG. 1 Specimen Selection TemplateD4355/D4355M 143NOTE
46、 10Specimens should not be removed from the exposure apparatus for more than 24 h and then returned for additional test since this does notproduce the same results on some materials as tests fun without this type of interruption. Report the elapsed time for any specimens for which exposurewas interr
47、upted for more than 24 h.9.5 Determine the breaking strength in kilonewtons per metre (pounds-forcepounds-force per inch)inch of five unexposed(control) specimens and five exposed specimens from each exposure time interval, for each direction, from each laboratory sampleas directed in Test Method D5
48、035 using a 2-in. width strip, except, a CRE or a CRT type testing machine shall be operated at305 6 10 mm (12 6 12 6 12 in.)in. unless specified otherwise. The distance between clamps shall be 75 6 1 mm (3 6 0.05in.).3 6 0.05 in. There may be no overall correlation between the results obtained with
49、 the CRE machine and the CRT machine.Consequently, these two breaking load testers cannot be used interchangeably. In case of controversy, the CRE method shallprevail.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the average breaking strength for all exposed and unexposed (control) specimens for each direction.10.2 Calculate the percent loss of strength from the unexposed specimens for the average results of each exposure time for eachdirection.10.3 For the groups of five specimens from the unexposed specimens and the specimens exposed at various times,
