1、Designation: D4391 93a (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Terminology Relating toThe Burning Behavior of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. Theyare
3、published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography ofrelated literature is given in Appendix X1.1NOTEThe term “exposure energy to thermal end point” was added editorially in May 2013.afterflame, npersistent flaming of a ma
4、terial after the igni-tion source has been removed. D13.92 D4391after-flame time, nthe length of time for which a materialcontinues to flame after the ignition source has beenremoved. D13.92 D4391afterglow, nglow in material after the removal of an externalignition source or after the cessation (nat
5、ural or induced) offlaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-dering.)afterglow time, nthe time afterglow continues after thecessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.D13.92 D4391burning behavior, nall the changes that take place whenmaterials or products are exposed
6、 to a specified ignitionsource.charring, nthe formation of carbonaceous residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete bustible textile, na textile that will ignite and burn orthat will give off vapors that will ignite and burn whensubjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-mable text
7、ile, noncombustible textile.)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either asglow or flames.DISCUSSIONSome oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-tion outside the visible spectrum.dangerously flammable textile, n not de
8、fined. This term isimplied in the Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable FabricsAct (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can beinferred. (See also flammable textile.)embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue as theresult of pyrolysis
9、or incomplete combustion.exposure energy to thermal end point, nthe thermal energytransferred through a specimen that is sufficient to causeignition of contiguous materials. D13.92 D7140fire, nas related to textile flammability, an uncontrolledconflagration in which materials are destroyed by burnin
10、g asevidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a highintensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burningwaste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building orforest fire.flame, nas related to textile flammability, a hot luminouszone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both,
11、 that isundergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in sizeand shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.(Compare fire.)DISCUSSIONExamples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsenburner gas flame.flame resistance, nthe property of a material wherebyflaming combustion is prevente
12、d, terminated, or inhibitedfollowing application of a flaming or nonflaming source ofignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignitionsource.DISCUSSIONFlame resistance can be an inherent property of thebasic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.The degree of fl
13、ame resistance exhibited by a specific material duringtesting may vary with different test conditions.flame resistant, adjhaving flame resistance.DISCUSSION“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-mance standards or spec
14、ifications when the product is tested by aspecific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.flame retardant, adjnot defined. This term should not beused as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-trea
15、ted” and “flame-retardant treatment”.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition app
16、roved in 2006 as D4391 93(2006)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4391-93AR13E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1flame retardant, na chemical used to impart flame resis-tance.flame-retardant-treated, adjhaving received a flame-retardant
17、treatment.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply totextiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the material or the fiber-forming polymer.flame-retardant treatment, na process for incorporating oradding flame retardant(s) to a material or produc
18、t.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply totextiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the material or the fiber-forming polymer.flame spread, nthe propagation of a flame away from thesource of ignition. D13.92 D4391flame spread time, nthe ti
19、me taken by a flame on a burningmaterial to travel a specified distance under specifiedconditions. D13.92 D4391flammability, nthose characteristics of a material that per-tain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability tosustain combustion.flammable textile, nany combustible textile that
20、burns witha flame. (See also flammability. ) (Compare combustibletextile, noncombustible textile.)flaming debris, nmaterial which continues to flame as itseparates and moves away from the flaming source.D13.92 D4391glow, nvisible, flameless combustion of the solid phase of amaterial. (See also after
21、glow and smoldering.)DISCUSSIONA solid may both glow and give off combustibles thatburn in the gas phase (that is, flame) but the two are not necessarilyinterdependent. Aspects of glow not involving combustion are definedin dictionaries of general terms.heat durability, nthe extent to which a materi
22、al retains itsuseful properties at ambient air conditions, following itsexposure to a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time and its return to the ambient air conditions.(Compare heat resistance.)heat durable, adjhaving heat durability.heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated b
23、y the amount ofpower per unit area.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for heat flux is watts per square meter(W/m2).heat resistance, nthe extent to which a material retainsuseful properties as measured during exposure of the mate-rial to a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time. (Compare heat
24、durability.)heat resistant, adjhaving heat resistance.ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.inherent flame-resistance, nas applied to textiles, flameresistance that derives from an essential characteristic of thefiber from which the textile is made. (Compare flameresistance.)inherently-flame-resis
25、tant, adjhaving inherent flame-resistance.melting, nthe liquefaction of material under the influence ofheat. D13.92 D4391noncombustible textile, na textile that will neither ignite norgive off vapors that will ignite when subjected to externalsources of ignition. (Compare combustible textile.)nonfla
26、mmable textile, nany combustible textile that burnswithout a flame. (See also glow, smoldering.) (Compareflammable textile, combustible textile, noncombustibletextile.)self-extinguishing, nnot defined. The Board of Directors ofASTM has ruled that the term “self-extinguishing” shall notbe used in AST
27、M standards. It has no meaning except inassociation with a specific test method or specific conditionsof burning.shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensions of anobject or material.smoldering, nthe combustion of a solid material withoutaccompaniment of flame but generally with the productionof
28、smoke. (See also afterglow and glow.)DISCUSSIONSmoldering can be initiated by small or low tempera-ture sources of ignition, especially in loose materials, and may bepresent for an extended period of time after which a flame might beproduced.wall and top material, nany pliable planar structure used
29、asa nonbase surface in camping tentage including roofs, sides,windows, screens, door, awnings, flies, and canopies.D13.92 D4391INDEXING TERMSThis standard is indexed under the following terms: burning behavior, flammability, and terminology.D4391 93a (2013)12APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. REL
30、ATED LITERATURE(1) “Establishing World Flammability Terms”, TextileWorld Vol 126 No. 6, June 1975, pp. 107109.(2) ASTM Standard E176“ Terminology Relating to FireStandards.”(3) Gaskill, James R., “Concept of Smoke and Fire Gases,”Standardization News Vol 7 No. 12, December 1979, pp.2324.(4) “Burning
31、 Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 1” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/1.(5) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 2” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/2.(6) Warren Y. Kimbal, Fire Department Terminology, 4th ed.,National Fire Protection Association, Boston (1970).(7) Kuvshinoff, B. W., Fire Sciences Dictionary, John Wileyor through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4391 93a (2013)13
