1、Designation: D4485 10Standard Specification forPerformance of Engine Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification covers all the currently active American Petroleum Insti
3、tute (API) engine oilperformance categories that have been defined in accordance with theASTM consensus process.Thereare organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as theInternational Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), American PetroleumI
4、nstitute (API SM Specification), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans dAutomobiles(ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the use of currentASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendix of this document for information.In the ASTM system,
5、 a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system isopen-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oilperformance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders inmaking lubricant recommendations,
6、 and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifyingproducts for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted inaccordance with theAmerican Chemistry Council (ACC) PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Codeof Practice.Other service categories not shown in this
7、document have historically been used to describe engineoil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF-2, CF-4, CG-4)(see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performance requirements.SG is not included because it was a category that coul
8、d not be licensed for use in the API ServiceSymbol after Dec. 31, 1995. The others are not included because they are based on test methods forwhich engine parts, test fuel, or reference oils, or a combination thereof, are no longer available.Also,the ASTM 5-Car and Sequence VI Procedures are obsolet
9、e and have been deleted from the categoryEnergy Conserving and Energy Conserving II (defined by Sequence VI). Information on excludedolder categories and obsolete test requirements can be found in SAE J183.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty andheavy-duty internal combus
10、tion engines used under a variety ofoperating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, andoff-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oilapplications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawnmowers, motorcycles, railroad loc
11、omotives, or oceangoingvessels.1.3 This specification is based on engine test results thatgenerally have been correlated with results obtained on refer-ence oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline ordiesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, itis based on engine te
12、st results that generally have beencorrelated with results obtained on reference oils run ingasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil catego-ries prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspectsof engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests inthis specification.
13、In addition, when assessing oil performance,it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operatingconditions.1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests thathelp evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance notcovered by the engine tests in this specification.1This specific
14、ation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D
15、448509. DOI: 10.1520/D4485-10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5.1 ExceptionsThe roller foll
16、ower shaft wear in TestMethod D5966 is in mils. Appendix X2 descriptions areverbatim API language, which contains a few non-SI units.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClose
17、d Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength D
18、ispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to DetermineConformance with SpecificationsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4683 Test Method for Measur
19、ing Viscosity of New andUsed Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 CD4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments in Lu
20、bricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryD5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition Engine3D5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating OilsUsing a Temperature-Scanni
21、ng TechniqueD5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D5293 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
22、and Base Stocks Between 5 and 35C Using Cold-Cranking SimulatorD5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in aSpark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled withGasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions3D5480 Test
23、 Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas Chro-matography3D5481 Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity atHigh-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Cap-illary ViscometerD5533 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIE, Spark-Ignition Engine3D5800 Test Method
24、 for Evaporation Loss of LubricatingOils by the Noack MethodD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)3D5966 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils forRoller Follower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel EngineD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel
25、 Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Char-acteristics of Lubricating OilsD6202 Test Method forAutomotive Engine Oils on the FuelEconomy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in theSequence VIA Spark Ignition Engine3D6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of
26、Polymer Contain-ing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector ApparatusD6335 Test Method for Determination of High TemperatureDeposits byThermo-Oxidation Engine Oil SimulationTestD6417 Test Method for Estimation of Engine Oil Volatilityby Capillary Gas ChromatographyD6483 Test Method for Evaluation of
27、 Diesel Engine Oils inT-9 Diesel Engine3D6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust PreventiveCharacteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasolineand Ope
28、rated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Con-ditionsD6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135CD6618 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in DieselFour-Stroke Cycle Supercharged 1M-PC Single CylinderOil Test EngineD6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils
29、in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1PTest ProcedureD6709 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR OilTest Engine)D6750 Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine1K Proce-dur
30、e (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % FuelSulfur)D6794 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterabil-ity of Engine Oils After Treatment with Various Amountsof Water and a Long (6-h) Heating TimeD6795 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterabil-ity of Engine OilsAfter Treatment w
31、ith Water and Dry Iceand a Short (30-min) Heating Time2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdr
32、awn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.D4485 102D6837 Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Auto-motive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Carsand Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIB Spark IgnitionEngineD6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High S
33、oot TestD6891 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition EngineD6894 Test Method for Evaluation of Aeration Resistanceof Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automo-tive Diesel EngineD6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Vi
34、scosity of Used Engine Oils at Low Tempera-tureD6922 Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity andMiscibility in Automotive Engine OilsD6923 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1RTest ProcedureD6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR Tes
35、tD6984 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition EngineD6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel En-gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7097 Test Method for Determination of Moderately HighTemperature Piston Deposits byTher
36、mo-Oxidation EngineOil Simulation TestTEOST MHTD7109 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Contain-ing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Apparatus at30 and 90 CyclesD7156 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inthe T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7216 Test Method f
37、or Determining Automotive EngineOil Compatibility with Typical Seal ElastomersD7320 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition EngineD7422 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7468 Test Method fo
38、r Cummins ISM TestD7484 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISBMedium-Duty Diesel EngineD7549 Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty EngineOils under High Output ConditionsCaterpillar C13 TestProcedureE29 Practice for Using Significant Di
39、gits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standards:4SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine ServiceClassificationSAE J300 Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J1423 Passenger Car and Light-Duty Tru
40、ck Energy-Conserving Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for Char-acterizing the Effects on Vulcanized Rubber2.3 American Petroleum Institute Publication:5API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System(EOLCS)2.4 Government Standard:6DOD CID A-A-52039A (SAE
41、5W-30, 10W-30, and 15W-40)2.5 American Chemical Council Code:7ACC Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code ofPractice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines.3.1.2 categ
42、ory, nin engine oils, a designation such as SH,SJ, SL, SM, CF, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving, and soforth, for a given level of performance in specified engine andbench tests.3.1.3 classification, nin engine oils, the systematic ar-rangement into categories in accordance with different levels
43、ofperformance in specified engine and bench tests.3.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction and wearbetween the moving parts within an engine, and also serves asa coolant.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt can contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion
44、, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming are examples.3.1.5 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally close to the potentialmaximums.3.1.6 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion engine
45、types, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at orclose to its peak output.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically in-stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, andconstruction equipment.3.1.7 light-duty, adjin internal combustion engine opera-tion, charac
46、terized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally much lower than thepotential maximums.3.1.8 light-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to be normally operated at substan-tially less than its peak output.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThis typ
47、e of engine is typically in-stalled in automobiles and small trucks, vans, and buses.3.1.9 lugging, adjin internal combustion engine opera-tion, characterized by a combined mode of relatively low-speed and high-power output.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:4Available from Society o
48、f Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 150960001.5Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop
49、: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.7Available fromAmerican Chemical Council, 1300 Wilson Blvd.,Arlington, VA22209.D4485 1033.2.1 C category, nthe group of engine oils that areintended primarily for use in diesel and certain gasoline-powered vehicles.3.2.2 Energy Conserving category, nthe group of engineoils that have demonstrated fuel economy benefits and areintended primarily for use in automotive gasoline engineapplications, such as passenger cars, light-duty trucks, andvans.3.2.3 S category, nthe group of engine oils that areintended primarily for use in
