1、Designation: D4516 00 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forStandardizing Reverse Osmosis Performance Data1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4516; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeateflow and salt passage data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.1.2 This pr
3、actice is applicable to waters including brackishwaters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thes
4、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to
5、 WaterD4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-tion, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Pro-cesses3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminolo
6、gies D1129 and D6161.3.2 For description of terms relating to reverse osmosis,refer to Test Method D4194 and Terminology D6161.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice consists of calculating the permeate flowand salt passage of RO systems at a standard set of conditionsusing data obtained at actual
7、operating conditions.5. Significance and Use5.1 During the operation of an RO system, system condi-tions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feedconcentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passageto change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it isnecessary to compare p
8、ermeate flow and salt passage data atthe same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained atthe same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO dataobtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constantconditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice givesthe procedure to stan
9、dardize RO data.5.2 This practice can be used for both spiral wound andhollow fiber systems.5.3 This practice can be used for a single element or amulti-element system. However, if the RO system is brinestaged, that is, the brine from one group of RO devices is thefeed to a second group of RO device
10、s, standardize the permeateflow and salt passage for each stage separately.5.4 This practice is applicable for reverse osmosis systemswith high rejections and with no significant leaks between thefeed-brine and permeate streams.6. Procedure6.1 Standardization of Permeate Flow:6.1.1 Calculate the per
11、meate flow at standard conditionsusing Eq 1:Qps5FPfs2DPfbs22 Pps2pfbs1ppsGTCFs!FPfa2DPfba22 Ppa2pfba1ppaGTCFa!Qpa! (1)where:Qps= permeate flow at standard conditions,Pfs= feed pressure at standard conditions, kpa,DPfbs2= one half device pressure drop at standard condi-tions, kpa,Pps= permeate pressu
12、re at standard conditions, kpa,pfbs= feed-brine osmotic pressure at standard condi-tions, kpa,pps= permeate osmotic pressure at standard condi-tions, kpa,TCFs= temperature correction factor at standard condi-tions,Qpa= permeate flow at actual conditions,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of AS
13、TM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4516 00 (2006)e1.DOI: 10.1520/D4516-00R10.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Pfa= feed pressure at actual conditions, kpa,DPfba2= one half device pressure drop at actual condi-tions, kpa,Ppa= permeate pressure at actual conditions, kpa,pfba= feed-brine osmotic pressure at actual conditions,kpa,ppa= permeate osmotic pressure at act
16、ual conditions,kpa, andTCFa= temperature correction factor at actual condi-tions.6.2 Standardization of Salt Passage:6.2.1 Calculate the salt passage at standard conditionsusing Eq 2:%SPs5 EPFa/EPFs# 3 STCFa/STCFs# 3 Cfbs/Cfba! 3 Cfa/Cfs!3 %SPa(2)where:%SPs= percent salt passage normalized to standa
17、rd (ref-erence) conditions,%SPa= percent salt passage at actual conditions,EPFs= average element permeate flow at standard (ref-erence) conditions,EPFa= average element permeate flow at actual condi-tions,STCFs= salt transport temperature correction factor atstandard (reference) conditions,STCFa= sa
18、lt transport temperature correction factor atactual conditions,Cfbs= feed-brine concentration at standard (reference)conditions, mg/L NaCl,Cfba= feed-brine concentration at actual conditions,mg/L NaCl,Cfa= feed concentration at actual conditions, mg/LNaCl, andCfs= feed concentration at standard (ref
19、erence) condi-tions, mg/L NaCl.NOTE 1The average element permeate flow is permeate flow of theRO system divided by the number of membrane elements operating in thesystem.NOTE 2Permeate flow at the standard conditions is the nominalpermeate flow of membrane element specified by the membrane manu-fact
20、urer, or average permeate flow of membrane element at the operatingconditions, selected as a reference conditions. The value of EPFsmay bedifferent then the value of Qpscalculated using Eq 1.NOTE 3In Eq 2, STCFsand STCFaare dependent on the membranetype material and configuration. Obtain equations f
21、or STCFsand STCFafrom supplier of the device. If unavailable use TCFsand TCFarespec-tively (Eq 3 and 4).6.3 In Eq 1, TCFsand TCFaare dependent on the type ofdevice (spiral or hollow fiber) and on the membrane type(cellulose acetate, polyamide, composite). Obtain equations forTCFsand TCFafrom the sup
22、plier of device. If unavailable useEq 3 and Eq 4.TCFs5 1.03Ts225!(3)TCFa5 1.03Ta225!(4)where:Ts= temperature at standard conditions, C, andTa= temperature at actual conditions, C.6.4 In Eq 1 and Eq 2, pfbaand pfbsare calculated from theconcentration of salt (expressed as mg/L NaCl) in the feed andbr
23、ine streams. See Annex A1 for the procedure to calculate theconcentrations of salt in feed stream as mg/L NaCl.6.4.1 The concentration of salt in the brine stream iscalculated using Eq 5:Cb5 Cf/1 2 Y! (5)where:Cb= concentration of salt in the brine, mg/L NaCl,Cf= concentration of salt in the feed, m
24、g/L NaCl, andY = conversion, expressed as a decimal.6.4.2 The feed-brine concentration for some RO devices isbased on an average (Eq 6):Cfb5 Cf1 Cb!/2 (6)and for other RO devices, the feed-brine concentration isbased on a log mean average (Eq 7):Cfb5 Cfln1/1 Y!#/Y (7)Consult supplier of device to de
25、termine whether Eq 6 or Eq7 should be used.6.4.3 Calculate pfbusing Eq 8:pfb5 0.2654 CfbT 1 273.15!/1000 2 Cfb/1000! (8)6.5 The value for DPfbs/2 in Eq 1 and Eq 2 is a selected andconstant value. A realistic value can be obtained from thesupplier of the RO device.6.6 To calculate ppsand ppain Eq 1 a
26、nd Eq 2 use Eq 9 forbrackish water and Eq 10 for seawater as follows:pp5 0.05 pfb(9)pp5 0.01 pfb(10)6.7 To obtain the most accurate standardization, the stan-dard conditions should be set close to the average actualconditions.6.8 Proper calibration and reading of instrumentation iscritical for accur
27、ate actual RO data.6.9 For large differences in pressure between actual andstandard conditions, the standardized salt passage can beinaccurate if ions whose passage are independent of pressureare present to a significant extent. Consult supplier of ROdevice to determine if modification to the salt p
28、assage equationis needed.7. Use of Computers for Standardization7.1 The calculations in this practice are adaptable to simplecomputer analysis.D4516 00 (2010)2ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. CALCULATION FOR CONCENTRATION OF SALT IN RO FEED STREAM AS mg/L NaClA1.1 First calculate the osmotic pressure
29、 of the RO feed(pf) in kPa using Eq A1.1.pf5 8.308f Tf1 273.15! (mi(A1.1)where:f = osmotic coefficient,Tf= temperature of feed stream, C, and( mi= summation of molalities of all ionic and non-ionicconstituents in the water.NOTE A1.1Estimates of osmotic coefficients for brackish and seawa-ter of 0.93
30、 and 0.90, respectively, can be used in Eq A1.1.A1.2 Calculate the concentration of salt in the RO feed (Cf)as mg/L NaCl using Eq A1.2:Cf5 1000 pf/0.2654 Tf1 273.15! 1pf/1000 (A1.2)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
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