1、Designation: D 4857 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize RingSticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle GasolineEngines Other Than Outboards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4857; the number immediate
2、ly following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has bee
3、n approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method2evaluates the performance of lubri-cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-line engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Pistonvarnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluate
4、d.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap
5、pro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B 152/B 152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,and Rolled BarD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 235 S
6、pecification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD 2270 Practice for Calculating
7、 Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Pe
8、tro-leum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combus-tion and Chemiluminescence DetectionD 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline EnginesD 4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-CycleSpark-Ignition Gasoline Engi
9、nes-TCD 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity ofTwo-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine LubricantsD 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryE 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Ta
10、bles for Standardized ThermocouplesG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-ture Measurement Thermocouples43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cold stickingof piston rings, a condition in whichthe ring is free in its groove whi
11、le the engine is running butstuck when the piston is cold, normally indicated by theabsence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt.3.1.2 combustion chamberin reciprocating internal com-bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston cro
12、wn andany portion of the cylinder walls extending above the pistoncrown when in the top dead center position, and the innersurface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct
13、 responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.06 on Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 485703.2Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerwill update
14、 changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These canbe obtained from theASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve., Pittsburgh, PA15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in allInformation Letters through No. 02-2.3For referenced ASTM standards, vi
15、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New Yor
16、k, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.other inserted components. D 48583.1.3 hot stickingof piston rings, a condition in which thering is stuck in its groove while the engine is running, normallyindicated by var
17、nish or other deposits on the outer face of thering, by signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both.3.1.4 lubricitya qualitative term describing the ability of alubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfacesin relative motion under load. D 48633.1.5 preignitionin a spark-ignition eng
18、ine, ignition ofthe mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber beforethe passage of the spark. D 48583.1.6 scoring, nin tribology, a severe form of wearcharacterized by the formation of extensive grooves andscratches in the direction of sliding. G403.1.7 scuff, scuffngin lubrication, damage c
19、aused byinstantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.8 seizurein lubrication, welding between surfaces inrelative motion that results in immobilization of the parts.3.1.9 spark plug foulingdeposition of essentially
20、noncon-ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.3.1.10 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridgingadeposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes thattends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out t
21、heplug.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 benchmark reference oilan oil whose performancein this test method is compared with the performance of thenon-reference oil.3.2.2 major preignitionpreignition that causes a tempera-ture increase of 10C or more measured at the spark plug
22、gasket.3.2.3 minor preignitionpreignition that causes a tempera-ture increase of more than 7C and less than 10C measured atthe spark plug gasket.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test is run in a 347 cm3Yamaha RD-350B twin-cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine.5It is intended primarilyto evaluate rin
23、g sticking and piston skirt deposits. Spark plugfouling, combustion chamber deposits, and exhaust port block-age are also evaluated. The engine is set up with one cylindersupplied with a fuel and oil mixture made using the non-reference oil and the other with a fuel and oil mixture using thebenchmar
24、k reference oil. The test is normally run twice,exchanging the oils between cylinders for the second run. Eachrun is performed on a 25-min part throttle 5-min idle cycle,with a 60-min shutdown after each 150 min of running time.Total running time per single test is normally 20 h.5. Significance and
25、Use5.1 This test method is primarily intended for the evaluationof lubricants for use in two-stroke-cycle engines of highspecific output.NOTE 1If the test method is being used to satisfy a portion ofSpecification D 4859, refer to the specification for the pass-fail criteria.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engi
26、ne and Stand:6.1.1 Test EngineA Yamaha RD-350B 347 cm3twincylinder motorcycle engine with attached standard transmis-sion (gearbox) is used.5The engine is described more fully inAnnex A1. It is set up on a dynamometer test stand with amodified fuel system so that each of the cylinders is suppliedind
27、ependently through its associated carburetor. A typical teststand is shown in Fig. 1. The dynamometer is located to the leftof the engine behind the instrument cabinet, and is driven bythe motorcycle transmission output shaft.6.1.2 Lubrication SystemThe test engine, as manufac-tured, is provided wit
28、h an oil injection system by which oil ismetered to the carburetor bowls from a common source.Because the test is run using a different fuel and oil mixture ineach carburetor, the oil pump and its connections shall beremoved and the oil connections to the carburetors plugged.6.1.3 DynamometerThe dyn
29、amometer shall be capable ofabsorbing at least 8 kW (10 hp). The engine crankshaft speedis 6000 rpm, and the motorcycle transmission may be used toprovide speed reduction. No correction is required for thepower loss in the transmission.6.1.4 Cooling AirA variable delivery blower with a freeflow capa
30、city of about 300 m3/min of air is required. The flowfrom the blower shall be directed toward the exhaust side of theengine so as to deliver an approximately equal stream to eachcylinder, and is varied as required to maintain the spark pluggasket temperature within the limits specified in Section 9.
31、Itisadvised that the blower be set up to draw its air from outsidethe building. Where this is not practicable, or in hot climates,coolers may be required.6.1.5 Combustion AirThe air supply to the engine may betaken from the ambient air in the test cell, but if a controlled airsource is used, it is r
32、ecommended that it be set to 25 to 27Cwith a moisture content of 11 to 12 g/kg of dry air and amaximum pressure at the carburetor inlet of 3.7 kPa. Supply toeach carburetor shall be through a separate flowmeter eachwith a capacity of 30 kg/h minimum. A plenum chamber isprovided at the intake of each
33、 carburetor to damp out pulsa-tions. These are shown in Fig. 1.6.1.6 Fuel System:6.1.6.1 Fuel is supplied to each of the carburetors by anindividual electric fuel pump with a capacity of at least 2.5 L/htaking the fuel mix from separate tanks through a paper orceramic filter and a flowmeter as speci
34、fied in 6.1.6.2. The fuelshall enter the carburetors at a maximum temperature of 25Cand cooling may be required in a hot climate.6.1.6.2 Two flowmeters, one for each carburetor, are re-quired. Any type accurate to 60.01 kg/h at the flow ratespecified in 6.1.6.1 may be used, but those measuring weigh
35、t5Order from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha International Corp., P.O.Box 6555, Cypress, CA 90630. Complete RD-350B engines are no longer availablefrom the manufacturer, but all parts are still available and are expected to remain so.It is suggested that a used RD-350 series motorcycle be purc
36、hased for familiariza-tion purposes.D4857082directly rather than volume are preferred. If a volume measur-ing device is used, the relationship of density to temperatureover the range of fuel temperature experienced shall bedetermined for the actual test gasoline and test oil mixturesused, and the ap
37、propriate value used for conversion of volumeto mass.6.1.6.3 When permitted by local regulations, the use ofportable containers with a capacity of at least 60 L isrecommended to facilitate changing of fuels. If the fuel lines tothe carburetors cannot be replaced when the fuel and oilmixture is chang
38、ed, it is necessary to be able to purge the fuelsystem between the tanks and the carburetors.6.1.7 Exhaust SystemThe standard motorcycle exhaustsystem shall be used, discharging into a pipe of at least200-mm internal diameter leading out of the test cell. Nomodification other than axial rotation may
39、 be made to theexhaust system as supplied by Yamaha except the installationof thermocouples as specified in 6.2.4. Any rotation of theexhaust system shall be the same for both cylinders and shallnot place the exhaust in the cooling air stream.6.2 Instrumentation:6.2.1 TachometerAn electronic or vibr
40、ation tachometeraccurate to 625 rpm.6.2.2 Measurement of Ambient ConditionsIf the air sup-ply to the engine is taken from a controlled source, referencesto ambient pressure, temperature and humidity apply to the airfrom the controlled source.6.2.2.1 TemperatureAthermocouple or thermometer shallbe pr
41、ovided to measure air temperature in the range from 10 to50C. The overall accuracy of temperature measurement,including that of recorders, if used, shall be within 61C.6.2.2.2 Barometric PressureA barometer measuring thepressure in the test room is required. Its overall accuracy,including recorder,
42、if used, shall be within 60.1 kPa.6.2.2.3 HumidityA hygrometer accurate to 63 % or a wetand dry bulb thermometer accurate to 61C is also required.6.2.2.4 RecorderContinuous recording of the ambientconditions is recommended.6.2.3 Spark Plug Gasket Temperature Measurement:6.2.3.1 ThermocouplesThe comp
43、osite gasket normallysupplied with the spark plug is not satisfactory for theattachment of thermocouple wires. A design that has beenfound satisfactory is given in Appendix X1.6,7Provision shallbe made for shutdown of the engine in the case of a spark pluggasket temperature increase of 10C or more.
44、An automaticshutdown that operates if such an increase occurs is preferred.As a minimum, an alarm shall be provided to operate after atemperature increase of 6 to 7C to allow manual shut down bythe operator if the 10 limit is exceeded. If the alarm orshutdown is a separate instrument from the temper
45、ature re-corder, it is usually necessary to provide two thermocouples asshown in Appendix X1, but if it is incorporated into therecorder, only one thermocouple is required. Glass or silicadouble and constantan thermocouple wires meeting the re-quirements of Type J of ANSI Specification MC 96.1 (sum-
46、marized very briefly in Specification E 230) are normally6The sole source of supply of the thermostat washer known to the committee atthis time is Lewis Engineering, 238-T Water St., Naugatuck, CT 06770.7If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International
47、Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Test StandD4857083satisfactory. Constantan is an alloy of approximately 40 %nickel (Ni) 60 % copper (Cu) by mass.6.2.4 Exhaust TemperatureA thermocouple is
48、 required ineach exhaust elbow within 75 mm of the cylinder exhaust portto monitor exhaust temperature.7,8The junction of the thermo-couple shall be at the center of the pipe within 63 mm.6.2.5 Temperature Recorder:6.2.5.1 Plug Gasket and Exhaust TemperaturesThesetemperatures shall be recorded conti
49、nuously. Maximum inter-val between successive recordings of the spark plug gaskettemperature should not exceed 2 s, and 10 s for the exhausttemperature. A recorder with a range from 40 to 750Caccurate to 62C is suitable.6.2.5.2 Temperature of the Air Supplied to the EngineThisis preferably recorded continuously. In any case it shall belogged at intervals of not more than 30 min.6.2.6 Pressure and Humidity of the Air Supplied to theEngineThe air pressure and humidity shall be logged atintervals of not more than 30 min.7. Materials and Reag
