1、Designation: D 5446 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forDetermining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, andSewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonlyemployed in de
3、termining the physical properties of fabrics andyarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraintsmay be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spunyarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.1.3 Fabrics used in the
4、 manufacturer of inflatable restraintsmay be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piecewoven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the indi-vidual test method.1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order theprocedures associated with conducting physical testing of thefollo
5、wing fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design andmanufacture of inflatable restraints.Yarn SectionDenier (Yarn Number) 9.3.1Fiber Content 9.3.2Finish (Extractable Material) 9.3.3Strength and Elongation 9.3.4Twist 9.3.5FabricAir Permeability 9.3.6Abrasion Resistance 9.3.7Blocking 9.3.8Bow a
6、nd Skew 9.3.9Breaking Force therefore, each systemmust be used independent of the other.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
7、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 204 Test Methods for Sewing ThreadsD 276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in TextilesD 737 Test Method for Air Permeability
8、 of Textile FabricsD 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length SpecimensD 1388 Test Method for Stiffness of FabricsD 1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byFalling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) ApparatusD 1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns b
9、y Direct-CountingD 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD 1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (YarnNumber) by the Skein Method1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraint
10、s.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5446 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v
11、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by theSingle-Strand MethodD 2257 Test Method for Ex
12、tractable Matter in TextilesD 2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by theTongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)D 3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven FabricD 3774 Test Method for Width of Textile FabricD 3775 Test Method for Warp End Count and
13、 Filling PickCount of Woven FabricD 3776 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD 3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextileFabricsDiaphragm Bursting Strength Tester MethodD 3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven andKnitted FabricsD 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
14、D 4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the CircularBend ProcedureD 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D 4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics forArchitectural UseD 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongationof Textile
15、 Fabrics (Grab Test)D 5427 Practice for Accelerated Aging of Inflatable Re-straint FabricsD 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byTrapezoid ProcedureD 6476 Test Method for Determining Dynamic Air Perme-ability of Inflatable Restraint FabricsD 6478 Test Method for Determining Specific Pa
16、ckabilityof Fabrics Used in Inflatable RestraintsD 6479 Test Method for Determining the Edgecomb Resis-tance of Woven Fabrics Used in Inflatable RestraintsD 6613 Practice for Determining the Presence of Sizing inNylon or Polyester FabricD 6799 Terminology Relating to Inflatable RestraintsF 778 Metho
17、ds for Gas Flow Resistance Testing of Filtra-tion Media2.2 Federal Standards:3Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302Flammability2.3 SAE Standards:4J912-A Resistance to BlockingJ1351 Determination of Odor2.4 Ford Motor Company Standards:5FLTM BO116-03 Fogging StandardFLTM BN13-1 Coating Adhesion2.5 AATCC
18、Methods:6Method 81 pH of WaterExtract from Wet ProcessedTextiles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this practice, referto Terminology D 123, Terminology D 3990 and TerminologyD 6799.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Test specimens are taken from sample rolls of fabri
19、c andtested using prescribed laboratory procedures, conditions andequipment by the supplier to determine the physical propertiesof the fabric in accordance with the requirements of thepurchaser.5. Significance and Use5.1 EveryASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a sectiondescribing its particular
20、 significance and use. Other test meth-ods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertainingto their particular significance and use.5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can beused in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis foracceptance testing of commercial
21、 shipments of inflatablerestraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria bywhich inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplierto determine whether a lot of material is acceptable forshipment to the purchaser.5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties thatdescr
22、ibe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly usedtest methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement ofpurchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shallconstitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment usedto determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatableres
23、traints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishinga written material specification. The specification or agreementof purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practicesdescribed herein when (based on experience) considerations offabric properties, material handling equipment, or inf
24、latablerestraint system design dictate otherwise.6. Apparatus6.1 Periodic laboratory certification of test equipment usedin accordance with this practice is required to reduce testvariability due to precision and bias.6.2 For inflatable restraints, all test equipment used inaccordance with the proce
25、dures referenced in this practice shallbe certified for calibration annually by an independent agencyor equipment manufacturer whose results are traceable toNational Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) or othernational standards laboratory. The test parameters of theequipment shall be tested
26、within the operating ranges coveredin the material specification or equivalent document.7. Sampling7.1 Lot Sample:7.1.1 For the size of an acceptance sampling lot of fabric forinflatable restraints, use the number of fabric rolls in ashipment of a single fabric style unless otherwise agreed uponbetw
27、een the purchaser and supplier. If the fabrics are one piecewoven, use the number of units in the shipment as theacceptance sampling lot.3Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20525.4Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Comm
28、onwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.5Available from Ford Motor Company, Engineering Department, Body Engi-neering Building, Room 1145, 21500 Oakwood Boulevard, Dearborn, MI 48124.6Available from American Association of Textiles Chemists and Colorists, POBox 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 277
29、09.D 5446 02 (2007)27.1.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon by purchaser and sup-plier, take as a lot sample all of the rolls or one piece wovenunits in a shipment of fabric. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling units.7.1.3 For the size of an acceptance lot of yarn, use the lotdetermination
30、 and sample plan agreed upon by purchaser andsupplier.7.2 Laboratory Sample:7.2.1 An entire roll of fabric or a full-width cut from the endof a roll within a lot sample or one piece woven unitsconstitutes a laboratory sample depending on which physicalproperty is to be tested.7.2.1.1 For fabric widt
31、h, fabric bow, and fabric length, therolls in the lot sample serve as the laboratory sample.7.2.1.2 For all other physical properties, take as the labora-tory sample a full width cut of fabric2m(2yd)long from theend of each roll in the lot sample if there is no evidence that thefabric is distorted;
32、if there is evidence of physical distortion onthe outside of the fabric roll, take a sample cut from theresulting end of the roll after removing and discarding thedistorted portion of fabric.7.2.2 An entire yarn package constitutes a laboratorysample for yarn testing.7.3 Test Specimens:7.3.1 Test sp
33、ecimens are the pieces of yarn or fabric unitsthat actually undergo testing. The fabric units may be entirefabric rolls , one piece woven units or fabric pieces cut fromthe laboratory sample in accordance with physical testingrequirements of a specific test method.7.3.2 For fabric width, fabric bow,
34、 and fabric length, therolls in the lot sample serve as the test specimens. For all otherphysical properties to be tested, the test specimens are thefabric pieces cut from the laboratory sample in accordance withthe respective test method.7.3.3 Take specimens from different positions across the roll
35、width or one piece woven units when testing physical proper-ties oriented in the warp direction; take specimens fromdifferent positions along the roll length or one piece wovenunits when testing physical properties oriented in the fillingdirection.7.3.4 Take no test specimen closer to the selvage of
36、 thefabric than110 the width of the fabric or 125 mm (5 in.),whichever is smaller.8. Conditioning8.1 Test specimens shall be preconditioned as directed bythe particular test method or as agreed upon between thepurchaser and supplier.8.2 Prior to testing a physical property, the test specimensshall b
37、e brought to moisture equilibrium at ambient atmo-spheric pressure, at 21 6 1C (70 6 2F), and at 65 % 6 2%relative humidity, unless directed to do otherwise by the testprocedure or an agreement by purchaser and supplier.8.3 Equilibrium is considered to have been reached whenthe increase in mass of t
38、he specimen in successive weightingsmade at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % ofthe mass of the specimen.NOTE 1Certain fibers and coatings may exhibit slow rates of achiev-ing moisture equilibrium. When this occurs, a preconditioning cycle suchas described in Practice D 1776 may b
39、e agreed upon between contractualparties.9. Procedures9.1 Secure test specimens from laboratory samples in ac-cordance with the sampling section (Section 7) of this practicefor each test required by the material specification or agree-ment of purchaser and supplier.9.2 Precondition and condition the
40、 test specimens in accor-dance with the conditioning section (Section 8) of this practicefor each test required by the material specification or agree-ment of purchaser and supplier.9.3 Test the specimens in accordance with each test methodspecified.9.3.1 Determine the denier or yarn number in accor
41、dancewith Test Method D 1907 for packaged yarn or Test MethodD 1059 for beamed yarn or yarns removed from fabric testspecimens.9.3.1.1 When using Test Method D 1907, make one deter-mination from each package in the laboratory sample.9.3.1.2 When using Test Method D 1059, use twenty-five(25) specimen
42、s selected from each laboratory sample in boththe warp and filling directions.9.3.2 Determine the fiber content of the yarn in accordancewith Test Method D 276, making one determination from eachyarn package in the laboratory sample.9.3.3 Determine the finish or extractable material content inyarn i
43、n accordance with Test Method D 2257, using one testspecimen of ten grams removed from each laboratory sample.9.3.4 Determine the single-end strength and elongationproperties of yarns removed from yarn packages, beams, andfabric specimens in accordance with Test Method D 2256,using ten test specimen
44、s from each laboratory sample.9.3.5 Determine the amount and direction of twist in yarnsin accordance with Test Method D 1423.9.3.5.1 Determine the twist in single spun yarns on pack-ages and yarns removed from beams and fabric samples inaccordance with Test Method D 1422, using ten test specimensse
45、lected from each laboratory sample.9.3.5.2 Determine the twist in single, ply and cabled fila-ment yarn or ply and cable twist in spun yarns on packages andyarns removed from beams and fabric samples in accordancewith Test Method D 1423, using ten test specimens selectedfrom each laboratory sample.9
46、.3.6 Determine the fabric air permeability of each unit inthe lot sample in accordance with Test Method D 737, usingfive test specimens selected from each laboratory sample sothat no two specimens contain the same warp or filling yarns.For additional information on calibration and use of airpermeabi
47、lity test equipment, see Test Method F 778.9.3.7 Determine the fabric abrasion resistance for each unitin the lot sample in accordance with Test Method D 4157,using five test specimens selected from both the warp andfilling directions of the fabric rolls.9.3.8 Determine the blocking of a coated fabr
48、ic in accor-dance with Test Method SAE J912-A using five test specimensD 5446 02 (2007)3selected from each laboratory sample so that no two testspecimens contain the same warp or filling yarns.9.3.9 Determine the fabric bow and skew of each unit in thelot sample in accordance with Test Method D 3882
49、 in threeplaces spaced as widely as possible along the roll length. Makeno measurement closer to the ends of the roll than 1 m (1 yd).9.3.10 Determine the fabric breaking force and elongationin accordance with Test Method D 5034 in five places in boththe warp and filling directions.9.3.10.1 Use a tensile testing machine that exhibits either aconstant rate of extension (CRE) or a constant rate of traverse(CRT), that is designed for the tensile forces anticipated, andthat is operated at a rate of 300 mm/min (12 in./min). Select theforce range of the testing machine such that t
