1、Designation: D 5684 08aStandard TerminologyRelating to Pile Floor Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5684; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of all terminologydeveloped by Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Covering.1.2 This terminology is unique to the pile fl
3、oor coveringindustry. Meanings if the same terms used outside the industrycan be found in other compilations or in other dictionaries ofgeneral usage.1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D 5684 isalso useful for managing the Terminology of the Subcommit-tee.1.4 Terms listed under the j
4、urisdiction of SubcommitteeD13.21.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see TerminologyD 123.1.6 This terminology is a compilation of all terminologydeveloped by Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Covering.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1335 Te
5、st Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn FloorCoveringsD 2646 Test Methods for Backing Fabric Characteristics ofPile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 3936 Test Method for Resistance to Delamination of theSecondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringD 5251 Practice for the Operation of the Tetrapod WalkerDrum Teste
6、rD 5252 Practice for the Operation of the Hexapod TumbleDrum TesterD 5417 Practice for Operation of the Vettermann DrumTesterD 5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length orWidth of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 5823 Test Method for Tuft Height of Pile Floor Cover-ingsD 5848 Test Method for Mass
7、 Per Unit Area of Pile YarnFloor CoveringsD6119 Practice for Creating Surface Appearance Changesin Pile Yarn Floor Covering from Foot TrafficD 6283 Test Method for Tuft Element Length of UncoatedPile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 6540 Test Method for Accelerated Soiling of Pile YarnFloor CoveringD 6719 Guid
8、e for Test Methods and Practices for Evaluat-ing Pile Yarn Floor CoveringD 6859 Test Method for Pile Thickness of Finished LevelPile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 6962 Practice for Operation of a Roller Chair Tester forPile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 7241 Test Method for Pile Thickness of Finished Multi-level Pi
9、le Yarn Floor CoveringD 7267 Test Method for Edge Ravel Resistance of FinishedLoop Pile, Pile Yarn Floor CoveringD 7330 Test Method for Assessment of Surface AppearanceChange in Pile Floor Coverings Using Standard ReferenceScales3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:attached cushion, n for pile yarn floor c
10、overing, a material,bonded to the backing fabric side of a pile yarn floorcovering to provide additional dimensional stability, thick-ness, and padding.DISCUSSIONSuch products as foam, rubber, and urethane are used asattached cushion. D 3936back coating, n in textile floor covering, an adhesivecompo
11、und applied for such purpose as locking pile yarn tuftsinto a carpet backing, bonding a secondary backing to aprimary backing, increasing fabric body or stiffness andincreasing dimensional stability. D 5793,D 5848backing , n in pile yarn floor covering, all materials in a pilefloor covering other th
12、an the pile yarn. D 5793,D 5848,D 6719backing fabric, n in textiles, a fabric into which a pile yarnis inserted; or a reinforcing layer which is adhered to the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile F
13、loor Coverings.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 5684 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
14、TMStandardsvolume information, refer tot he standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.reverse side of a fabric.DISCUSSIONIn woven and knitted pile yarn floor coverings thebacki
15、ng fabric is created at the same time the pile yarn is bound to thebacking fabric, but, in tufted pile yarn floor coverings, the backingfabric is made prior to the operation in which the pile yarn is fastenedto the backing fabric. D 2646,D 5793,D 5848, D 6719binding site, n for pile yarn floor cover
16、ing, a point at whichthe pile yarn is, or can be, bound to the backing fabric.DISCUSSIONIn any machine-made pile yarn floor covering, thebinding sites occur in an orderly and repetitive array at uniformintervals both in the lengthwise and widthwise directions of the pileyarn floor covering. The natu
17、re of the binding sites differs amongwoven, knitted, and tufted pile yarn floor coverings. For example, thebinding site of a woven pile yarn floor covering consists of one or morefilling shots under which the face yarn passes, whereas the binding siteof a tufted pile yarn floor covering consists of
18、a section of backingfabric between two adjacent needle holes in the lengthwise direction.The number of pile yarn strands that can be fastened at one binding sitecan vary from one to several, according to the design. D 5793,D 5848, D 6283, D 6719buried pile yarn, n for coated pile yarn floor covering
19、, thepart of pile yarn tufts which is in or under the primarybacking. D 5793,D 5848carpet, na textile floor covering manufactured with naturalor synthetic yarns, the construction can be tufted, woven orother method of manufacture to form a pile yarn use surface.DISCUSSIONThe floor covering may or ma
20、y not be installed overcushion, attached to the floor by mechanical means, tack strips, oradhesives. D 1335,D 2646, D 3936, D 5251,D 5252,D 5417, D 5793,D 5848, . D 6119, D 6283, D 6540,D 6719, D 6859,D 6962,carpet module, ntextile floor covering sections usuallyhaving dimensions of less than 1 m2.
21、D 5848change in surface appearancefor pile yarn floor covering-s,the physical affect of changing the use-surface by mechani-cal means or foot traffic.DISCUSSIONThe change in surface appearance is the cumulativechange in appearance between the unexposed and exposed test speci-mens due to matting, cru
22、shing, and loss of tuft definition. D 6119,D 6719components, nfor pile yarn floor covering, the individualyarn or fabric elements into which a pile yarn floor coveringcan be separated. D 5793, D 5848crush, nin pile yarn floor coverings, loss of tuft definitiondue to entanglement and compression of p
23、ile fibers.D6119cut pile yarn floor covering, na pile floor covering in whichthe pile is composed of adjacent tuft elements that areseparated or cut (see Fig. 1). D 1335, D 5823, D 6283delaminationSee resistance to delamination.dents per unit width, n for woven pile floor covering, thenumber of bind
24、ing sites per unit width; dents being the reedspaces through which the warp yarns pass in the loom or themetal strips in the reed that form these spaces. D 2646durability, n for pile yarn floor coverings, a property of apile yarn floor covering describing the ability to maintainspecific physical pro
25、perties or product integrity withoutdeterioration after a significant amount of time or a signifi-cant extended stress. D 6962edge ravel, nin pile yarn floor covering, the force requiredto pull a tuft element from a loop pile yarn floor coveringalong a seam in the lengthwise direction. D 7267finishe
26、d , adjin textile floor covering materials, the comple-tion of all manufacturing operations. D 1335, D 2646,D 3936, D 5251, D 5252, D 5417, D 5793, D 5823, D 5848,D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6719, D 6859, D 6962, D 7241,D 7267finished pile yarn floor covering, nin textile floor coveringmaterials, the
27、pile yarn floor covering that has undergone allof the steps of the manufacturing process.D 1335,D 2646, D 3936, D 5251, D 5252,D 5417,D 5793,D 5823, D 5848, D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6719,D 6859, D 6962, D 7241, D 7267floor covering, n an essentially planar material, having arelatively small thickne
28、ss in comparison to its length orwidth, that is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort,and utility of the floor. D 1335, D 2646, D 3936, D 5251,D 5252, D 5417, D 5793, D 5823,D 5848, D 6119, D 6283,D 6540, D 6719, D 6859,D 6962, D 7241, D 7267foot traffic units, nfor pile floor covering, the
29、 number ofpasses by human walkers over a specific group of carpetsamples. (D6119fusion bonding, nin pile yarn floor covering, a method ofcreating a carpet pile construction by attaching loops of yarnto a supporting adhesive material, usually PVC, to formeither cut or loop pile structures.fuzzing, ni
30、n pile yarn floor coverings, surface appearancechange due to the protrusion of broken or unbound fibers.lengthwise direction, nfor pile yarn floor covering, thedirection in a machine-made textile floor covering parallel tothe direction of movement during the manufacturing pro-cess.DISCUSSIONIn machi
31、ne-made goods the lengthwise direction inapplicable to tufted and woven pile yarn floor coverings.D 1335,D 2646, D 3936, D 5251, D 5252, D 5417, D 5793,ad = cut pile tuft elementgj = loop pile tuft elementab, cd, ef, gh, ij, jk = tuft legscd, ef = cut pile tuft leg pairij, jk = loop pile tuft leg pa
32、ir, a loopB = one binding siteFIG. 1 Cross Section of Tufted Pile Yarn Floor CoveringD 5684 08a2D 5823,D 5848, D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6859,D 6962,D 7241, D 7267level pile, nfor pile yarn floor covering, pile in which all tuftlegs are of substantially the same length. (D 5823)loop pile yarn floor
33、covering, n a pile yarn floor coveringin which the pile is composed only of uncut loops (see Fig.1). D 1335, D 5823, D 6283, D 6859 D 7241 D 7267loss of tuft definition, n for pile yarn floor coverings, thebursting, opening, and untwisting of pile yarn, decrimping ofthe fibers in the surface pile, o
34、r any combination of these.D6119matting, nfor pile yarn floor coverings, loss of tuft definitiondue to entanglement. D6119multilevel pile, n for pile yarn floor covering, pile in whichsome tuft legs are substantially longer than others, resultingin a sculptured appearance or pattern. D 5848, D 7241n
35、eedles per unit width, nfor tufted pile yarn floor covering,the number of binding sites per unit of floor covering width;needles being the means of inserting the pile yarn into thebacking fabric. D 5793nonwoven fabric, na textile structure produced by bondingor interlocking of fibers, or both, accom
36、plished by mechani-cal, chemical, thermal, or solvent means and combinationsthereof. D 2646peak force, nfor pile floor covering, the force required toseparate two or more layers and registered on a chart as apeak, that is, a value exceeding the value immediatelypreceding and following it. D 3936pile
37、, nfor pile yarn floor covering, the textured surfacecomposed of many tuft legs bound to a backing fabric in anorderly and repetitive array.DISCUSSIONAparticular pile floor covering may be all cut pile or allloop pile, and, in either case, the pile may be of essentially one pilelevel or multilevel.
38、A particular floor covering may also contain bothcut pile areas and loop pile areas which may be of the same pile levelor different pile levels. Areas of intermingled cut and loop pile orintermingled high and low level pile may also occur.D 1335,D 2646, D 3936, D 5251, D 5252,D 5417,D 5793,D 5823, D
39、 5848, D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6719,D 6859,D 6962, D 7241pile height, n in determination of tuft height, a measurementthat uses a small graduated ruler inserted until it touches thebacking to measure the pile from the top surface of theprimary backing to the top of the tuft.DISCUSSIONPile height i
40、s typically used generically by manufactur-ing personnel in setting machinery and by laymen. This procedure issubject to significant variability between technicians and is thereforeused only for rough field work and machinery setting during themanufacturing process. D 5823, D 6859 D 7241pile lay, nt
41、he direction in which most of the pile fibers leanin the original, uncrushed carpet. D 5251, D 5252,D 5417,D 6540pile reversal, na persistent change in the direction of pile layin certain areas, resulting in an apparent visual difference ofshade. (Syn. watermarking, pooling, shading). D6119pile thic
42、kness, n in pile yarn floor covering, the differencein the unextended height of the tuft elements above thebacking measured as the difference between two parallelplates exerting a specified compression on the pile andbacking and on the backing with the pile removed.DISCUSSIONPile thickness is the pr
43、eferred procedure for precisionmeasurement, and, although it is more complex, it is very repeatablebetween different technicians and laboratories. D 6859 D 7241,D 7267pile yarn floor covering, na textile product in which yarn oryarn segments are attached intermittently to a backing fabricto project
44、above the backing fabric and form a pile, in theform of cut loops or loops, or both, with the yarn entering thebacking fabric substantially perpendicular to the plane of thebacking fabric. See cut pile, cut pile floor covering, cut-looppile, level pile, loop pile, loop pile floor covering, multileve
45、lpile. D 1335,D 2646, D 3936, D 5251, D 5252, D 5417,D 5793, D 5823,D 5848, D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6719,D 6859,D 6962 D 7241pile yarn mass, n for backcoated pile yarn floor covering,the mass per unit area of pile yarn.DISCUSSIONPile yarn mass includes pile yarn portions buried in thebacking and t
46、he short stubble of yarn projecting above the backing aftershearing as opposed to measurement of mass per unit area whichincludes only the amount that can be shorn away from the backing.Some pile yarn floor covering constructions, such as patterned wovenWiltons, may have pile yarns that appear infre
47、quently on the pilesurface; however, these inactive pile yarns should be included as part ofthe pile yarn mass per unit area, not as backing. This is not applicableto needlepunch. D 5793, D 5848pitch, nfor woven pile floor covering, the number of bindingsites in 686 mm (27 in.) of width. D 5251, D 5
48、252,D 5417, D 5793, D 5848, D 6859poolingSee pile reversal.primary backing, n for tufted pile yarn floor covering, thefabric through which the pile yarn is carried by needles toform tufts; the backing fabric. D 5251, D 5252,D 5417,D 5848, D 6859resistance to delamination, nfor pile yarn floor coveri
49、ng,the force/unit width measured when separating the second-ary backing. D 3936, D 6719,D 6962rug, n a textile floor covering of limited area, which iscomplete in itself, and typically not attached to a supportsurface. D 1335, D 2646, D 3936, D 5251, D 5252,D 5417, D 5793, D 5848, D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6719,D 6859,D 6962, D 7241, D 7267D 7330,secondary backing, n for pile yarn floor covering, a suitablematerial attached to or adhered to the underside of theprimary backing fabric.DISCUSSIONThe secondary backing may be a text
