1、Designation: D5782 18Standard Guide forUse of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5782; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o
2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) air-rotary drill-
3、ing procedures may be used for geoenvironmental explorationand installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring de-vices.NOTE 1The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling methodof this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rodcolumn to a rotating bit. The air
4、 cools the bit and transports cuttings to thesurface in the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include considerations for geotechnicalsite characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental ex
5、plora-tion will often involve safety planning, administration, anddocumentation. This guide does not purport to specificallyaddress exploration and site safety.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard d
6、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 All observed a
7、nd calculated values are to conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026. The procedures used to specify how data arecollected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded asthe industry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignifi
8、cant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objective; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be
9、commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethod or engineering design.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This docume
10、nt cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional ser
11、vice must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dan
12、ce with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
13、ndards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) andSplit-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnic
14、al PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site ExplorationD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of Soils1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 o
15、n Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5782 95 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D5782-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
16、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
17、ken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz
18、ation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Proc
19、ess-ing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5608 Practices for Decontamination of Sampling and NonSample Contacting Equipment Used at Low Level Radio-active Waste SitesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
20、Data3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsused in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonite, nin drilling, the common name for drill-ing fluid additives and well-construction products consistingmostly o
21、f naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentoniteproducts have chemical additives which may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 cleanout depth, nin drilling, the depth to which theend of the drill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) hasreached after an interval of cutting. The cleanout depth
22、 (ordrilled depth as it is referred to after cleaning out of anysloughed material in the bottom of the borehole) is usuallyrecorded to the nearest 0.1 ft (0.03 m).3.2.3 drawworks, nin drilling, a power-driven winch, orseveral winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brakesystem(s) for hoisting or
23、 lowering a drilling string.3.2.4 drill hole, nin drilling, a cylindrical hole advancedinto the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as aborehole or boring.3.2.5 drill string, nin drilling, the total rotary-drillingassembly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drillrods, and conn
24、ector assemblies (subs). The total length of thisassembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing theposition of the top of the string to a datum near the groundsurface.3.2.6 air rotary drill string, nin drilling, the total directair-rotary drilling assembly under rotation including bit,s
25、ampler/core barrel, drill rods, and connector assemblies(subs). The total length of this assembly is used to determinedrilling depth by referencing the position of the top of thestring to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.7 filter pack, nin drilling, also known as a gravel packor a primary filter
26、pack in the practice of monitoring-wellinstallations. The gravel pack is usually granular material,having specified grain size characteristics, that is placedbetween a monitoring device and the borehole wall. The basicpurpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1)anonclogging filter
27、 when the aquifer is not suited to naturaldevelopment or, (2) act as a formation stabilizer when theaquifer is suitable for natural development.3.2.7.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, apre-packed screen may be used.3.2.8 hoisting line,
28、nin drilling, or drilling line, is wirerope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.9 in-situ testing devices, nin drilling, sensors orprobes, used for obtaining mechanical or chemical test data,that are typically pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottomof a borehole followi
29、ng completion of an increment of drilling.However, some in situ testing devices (such as electronicpressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and soforth) may require lowering and setting of the device(s) in apreexisting borehole by means of a suspension line or a stringof lowering rods
30、or pipe. Centralizers may be needed tocorrectly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.10 intermittent-sampling devices, nin drilling, usuallybarrel-type samplers that are driven or pushed below thebottom of a borehole following completion of an increment ofdrilling. The user is referred to the
31、following ASTM standardsrelating to suggested sampling methods and procedures: Prac-tice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and PracticeD1587.3.2.11 subsurface water-quality monitoring device, nindrilling, an instrument placed below ground surface to obtain asample for analysis of the chemica
32、l, biological, or radiologicalcharacteristics of subsurface pore water or to make in situmeasurements.4. Significance and Use4.1 The application of direct air-rotary drilling to geoenvi-ronmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ orpore-fluid testing, installation of casing for subse
33、quent drillingactivities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials, and forinstallation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices inunconsolidated and consolidated materials. Several advantagesof using the direct air-rotary drilling method over othermethods may include the ability to drill ra
34、ther rapidly throughconsolidated materials and, in many instances, not require theintroduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotarydrilling techniques are usually employed to advance drill holewhen water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones orcollapsible soils) may preclude use
35、 of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drillingmay include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materi-als without using casing, and the potential for volitization ofcontaminants and air-borne dust.NOTE 3Direct-air rotary drilling uses pressured air for circul
36、ation ofdrill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may beinjected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity andcuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturingof the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drillingpr
37、essures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. Ifborehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling meth-od(s) should be given.NOTE 4The user may install a monitoring device within the sameborehole in which sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperf
38、ormed.D5782 1824.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices thatare addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened orporous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with afilter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and withisolation seals and a low-permeabilit
39、y backfill to deter themovement of fluids or infiltration of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see PracticeD5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device usedfor measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of apiezometer to a water-quality monitoring
40、device should bemade only after consideration of the overall quality of theinstallation to include the quality of materials that will contactsampled water or gas.NOTE 5Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometersshould have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills todet
41、er movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.5. Apparatus5.1 Direct air-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanicalcomponents and the drilling fluid.5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct air-rotary drilling system include the drill rig with rotary table andkelly or top-head dri
42、ve unit, drawworks drill rods, bit or corebarrel, casing (when needed to support the hole and preventwall collapse when drilling unconsolidated deposits), air com-pressor and filter(s), discharge hose, swivel, dust collector, andair-cleaning device (cyclone separator).NOTE 6In general, in North Amer
43、ica, the sizes of casings, casing bits,drill rods, and core barrels are usually standardized by manufacturersaccording to size designations set forth by the American PetroleumInstitute (API) and the Diamond Drill Core Manufacturers Association(DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA technical manual and to publi
44、shedmaterials of API for available sizes and capacities of drilling toolsequipment.5.1.1.1 Drill Rig, with rotary table and kelly or top-headdrive unit should have the capability to rotate a drill-rodcolumn and apply a controllable axial force on the drill bitappropriate to the drilling and sampling
45、 requirements and thegeologic conditions.5.1.1.2 Kelly, a formed or machined section of hollow drillsteel that is joined to the swivel at the top and the drill rodsbelow. Flat surfaces or splines of the kelly engage the rotarytable so that its rotation is transmitted to the drill rods.5.1.1.3 Drill
46、Rods, (that is, drill stems, drill string, drillpipe) transfer force and rotation from the drill rig to the bit orcore barrel. Drill rods conduct drilling fluid to the bit or corebarrel. Individual drill rods should be straight so they do notcontribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of the dr
47、ill-rod column. Threaded connections should be in good repairand not leak significantly at the internal air pressure needed fordrilling. Drill rods should be made up and kept secure bywrench tightening at the threaded joint(s) to prevent roddamage.NOTE 7Drill rods used for air drilling jointed to ma
48、ke sure that thecuttings-laden return air will not be deflected to the borehole wall as itpasses the return air were deflected against the borehole blasting anderosion of the borehole wall would occur.NOTE 8Drill rods usually require lubricants on the thread to alloweasy unthreading (breaking) of th
49、e drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricantshave organic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted ascontaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available thathave components of known chemistry. The effect of drill-rod lubricants onchemical analyses of samples should be considered and documented whenusing direct air-rotary drilling. The same consideration and documentationshould be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, orother devices used near the drilling axis.5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides
