1、Designation: D 5819 05Standard Guide forSelecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation ofGeosynthetic Durability1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a system-atic determination of those factors of the appropriate
3、applica-tion environment that may affect the post-construction servicelife of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recom-mended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durabil-ity of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that thedurability can be considered in the design proc
4、ess.1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issuesassociated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, orinstallation environments.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes ofNonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at ElevatedTe
5、mperatureD 1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextilesor Soil/Geotextile FiltersD 2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flex-ural Creep and Creep-Rupture of PlasticsD 3083 Specification for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride)Plastic Sheeting for Pond, Canal, and Reservoir LiningD 389
6、5 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Differential Scanning CalorimetryD 4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles fromExposure to Ultraviolet Light and Water (Xenon-Arc TypeApparatus)D 4594 Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stabilityof GeotextilesD 4716 Test
7、Method for Determining the (In-Plane) FlowRate Per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of aGeosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD 4886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles(Sand Paper/Sliding Block Method)D 5101 Test Method for Measuring the Soil-GeotextileSystem Clogging Potential by
8、the Gradient RatioD 5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined TensionCreep Behavior of GeosyntheticsD 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluatingthe Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to LiquidsD 5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes
9、Using Notched Con-stant Tensile Load TestD 5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsD 5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio(HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD 5885 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-olefin Geosynthetics by High Pressure Differenti
10、al Scan-ning CalorimetryD 5970 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles fromOutdoor Exposure3. Summary of Guide3.1 The effects of a given application environment on thedurability of a geosynthetic must be determined throughappropriate testing. Selection of appropriate tests requires asystematic
11、determination of the primary function(s) to beperformed and the associated degradation processes that shouldbe considered. This guide provides a suitable systematicapproach.3.2 Primary functions of geosynthetics are listed and de-fined in Table 1. With knowledge of the specific geosyntheticapplicati
12、on area and end use, the corresponding primaryfunction(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation con-cerns as they relate to geosynthetic functions. Table 3 gives theenvironmental elements that relate to the various degradationprocesses and the currently available ASTM Committee D-351This gu
13、ide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 5819 99.2For referenc
14、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
15、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types ofgeosynthetic degradation. The following appendixes are in-cluded to provide background information:X1. TerminologyX2. Application/End Use/Primary Function TablesX3. Example of Test Method Selecti
16、on ProcedureX4. Design-by-Function DiscussionX5. Commentary on Geosynthetic DurabilityX6. Bibliography4. Significance and Use4.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluategeosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosyntheticspecification/selection process. This guide is intended
17、 to guidea designer/specifier through a systematic determination ofdegradation concerns based on the intended geosyntheticfunction or performance characteristic. This guide then pro-vides a guide to select available test methods for experimen-tally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify
18、areaswhere no suitable test exists.4.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degrada-tion resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting orinstalling the geosynthetic.5. Suggested Procedure5.1 To utilize a structured procedure for selecting appropri-ate test methods, the geosynthetic d
19、esigner/specifier must haveknowledge of:5.1.1 The intended geosynthetic application,5.1.2 The end use of the geosynthetic via its primaryfunction(s) or performance characteristic(s), or both,5.1.3 The specific environment to which the geosyntheticwill be exposed,5.1.4 The types of geosynthetics that
20、 may or will be used,and5.1.5 The duration or time of use (that is, service life).5.2 With this knowledge, the designer/specifier follows thefollowing procedure:5.2.1 Identify the primary function(s) or performance char-acteristic(s), or both, to be performed by the geosynthetic in thespecific appli
21、cation and end use intended. Functions andperformance characteristics are defined in Table 1. (Tables forguidance in identifying primary function(s) and performancecharacteristics are given in Appendix X2.)5.2.2 Using Table 2, identify the potential degradationprocess(es) that will almost always (de
22、noted as “A”) orsometimes (denoted as “S”) be of concern when a geosyntheticperforms the primary function(s) or provides the performancecharacteristic(s), or both, which were identified in 5.2.1.AnnexA1 contains associated notes to Table 2 that help to identify theprocess(es) that is (are) sometimes
23、 a concern in the specificexpected application environment.5.2.3 Using Table 3, select the test method(s) that applies tothe potential degradation process(es) identified in 5.2.2 as aconcern(s) in the specific application environment expected.NOTE 1Guidance is given in Table 3 to identify the most i
24、mportantelements or variables relating to each degradation process.6. Keywords6.1 aging; degradation; durability; environment; exposure;geosynthetic; long-term performanceTABLE 1 FunctionsAand Other Performance CharacteristicsBContainmentB(C)A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates o
25、r surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.CFiltrationA(F)A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil lossacross the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with
26、 the application under consideration.Fluid BarrierA(FB)A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.Fluid TransmissionA(a.k.a. drainage)A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-s
27、oil system allows foradequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.InsulationB(I)A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.ProtectionA(P)A geosynt
28、hetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strainstransmitted to the material to be protected.ReinforcementA(R)A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total system
29、s strength created bythe introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.ScreeningB(Scr)A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, pro
30、videsscreening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against thescreen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pre
31、ssure.SeparationA(S)A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improvedperforms the separation function.Surface StabilizationB(SS)A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it r
32、estricts movement and prevents dispersion ofsurface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.Vegetative ReinforcementB(VR)A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance o
33、f vegetation.AFunctions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.BOther performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techni
34、ques.Noteduring the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.D5819052TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability AssessmentAFunctionPotential Degradation ProcessBExplanations ofPrimary Long-TermConcerns
35、Abbrevi-ationBio-logicalDegra-dationChem-icalDegra-dationChem-icalDissol-utionClogging/PipingCreepEnviron-mentalStressCrackingHydrol-ysisMechan-icalDamagePhoto-Degra-dationPlastici-zationStressRelax-ationTemper-atureInsta-bilityThermal-Degra-dationContainment C PC,DSESESFSGNSHSISJNSGNSKRemain intact
36、 andmaintain filtrationperformanceFiltration F PC,DSESEALSMNSHSISJNSMNSKMaintain designfiltration and resistdeformation andintrusionFluid Barrier FB SCSESENSGAN,OSHSISJNSGSPSKMaintain intendedlevel of essentialimpermeabilityFluid Transmission FT PC,DSESEAQARAOSHSISJNARNSKMaintain flow undercompressi
37、ve loadsInsulation I PC,DSESEN N N N N N N N N N Minimize temperaturelosses and gainsacross geosynProtection P PC,DSESENSSNSHNSJNSSNSKMaintain protectiveperformanceReinforcement R PC,DSESE,PTNAUPOSHPTSJPVSUSUSKProvide necessarystrength, stiffnessand soil interactionScreening Scr PC,DSESESWNNSHSISJNN
38、 N SKMaintain filtrationperformance andresist deformationSeparation S PC,DSESENNNSHPXSJNN N SKRemain intactSurfaceStabilizationSS PC,DSESE HAYAY KRemain intact to resisterosive forces untilvegetation isestablishedVegetativeReinforcementVR PC,DSESENNNSHAYAYNN N SKRemain intactthroughoutvegetationARef
39、er to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table 2.BM = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern; P = Potential concern being researched.CMicroorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to p
40、lasticize some base polymers. This attack will changephysical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorporated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfacesmay influence interaction properties.DMicrobial enzymes have been known to initia
41、te and propagate reactions deteriorative to some base polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers usedin geosynthetic products.EChemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geo
42、syntheticsexposed to liquids containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.FIf select fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.GGeosynthetics in containment structures which re
43、quire long term strength characteristics should be designed using appropriate creep and stress relaxation criteria.HHydrolysis may be a concern for polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) geosynthetics exposed to extreme pH conditions, especially at elevated temperatures.IWhen subject to rocking (abrasio
44、n), puncture (floating or airborne debris), or cutting (equipment or vandalism).JWhen permanently exposed or in extended construction phases (24 weeks) and in “wrap-around” construction, photo degradation may be a concern for the exposedgeosynthetic.KGeosynthetics in applications such as dam facings
45、 and floating covers which results in exposure to temperatures at or above ambient must be stabilized to resistthermal oxidation.LClogging resistance of geotextiles can only be assessed by testing with site-specific soil and (sometimes) liquid.MIf a filter geotextile is used with a geonet, it is imp
46、ortant to assess short-term extrusion and long-term intrusion into the net.NResidual stresses and surface damage may produce synergistic effects with other degradation processes.OPolyethylene geosynthetics may experience slow crack growth under long-term loading conditions in certain environmental c
47、onditions.PExcessive expansion and contraction resulting from temperature changes may be a concern for geosynthetics without fabric reinforcement.QComposite drains must resist clogging due to soil retention problems and intrusion of filter medium.RGeosynthetics relying on a 3-D structure to facilita
48、te flow must demonstrate resistance to compression creep.SSufficient thickness must be maintained by a protective layer over an extended period of time.TChemical dissolution of, or mechanical damage to geosynthetic surfaces or coatings may effect their interaction properties, i.e. lead to surface or
49、 joint slippage.UGeosynthetics creep and stress relax at different rates depending primarily on manufacturing process, polymer type, load levels, temperature, and application.VPlasticization may be a concern for polyester (PET) geosynthetics exposed to humid conditions or polypropylene and polyethylene geosynthetics exposed tohydrocarbons while under stress.WIf the screen is expected to operate indefinitely, then clogging should be assessed often. Commonly, screens are considered temporary.XHoles resulting from mechanical damage may alter the effectiveness of separators
