1、Designation: D 5876 95 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Guide forUse of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement DrillingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installationof Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5876; the number immediatel
2、y following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guid
3、e covers how direct (straight) wireline rotarycasing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may beused for geoenvironmental exploration and installation ofsubsurface water-quality monitoring devices.NOTE 1The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method ofthis guide indicates that
4、a water-based drilling fluid or air is injectedthrough a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or aircools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulusbetween the drill rod column and the borehole wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include all of the procedures
5、 for fluidrotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D 5783.1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used todescribe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the centerpilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and thelarge inside diameter drill rods can act as
6、a temporary casingfor testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guideaddresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod(casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit withapplication of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.1.3 This guide includes several forms
7、of rotary wirelinedrilling configurations. General borehole advancement may beperformed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or dragbit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the materialmay be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing thepilot bit with a core-barrel asse
8、mbly designed for coring eitherrock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordancewith Practice D2113.1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are tobe regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.5 Direct rotary wireline drillin
9、g methods for geoenviron-mental exploration will often involve safety planning, admin-istration, and documentation. This guide does not purport tospecifically address exploration and site safety.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
10、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcour
11、se of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy o
12、fa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
13、tandards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of SoilsD2113 Practice for Di
14、amond Core Drilling for Site Inves-tigationD 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head
15、 Injection Test1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous ed
16、ition approved in 2000 as D 5876 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM In
17、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using the Pressure Pulse TechniqueD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipmen
18、tUsed at NonRadioactive Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells in AquifersD 5099 Practice for Development of Ground Water Moni-toring Wells in AquifersD 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation o
19、f Subsur-face Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Moni-toring Devices3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used within this guide is inaccordanc
20、e with Terminology D 653 with the addition of thefollowing:3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid addi-tives and well-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite productshave chemical addi
21、tives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disk-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater-quality analysis).3.2.3 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the dri
22、llstring (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it isreferred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in thebottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft(0.03 m).3.2.4 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D)
23、, the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.5 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-s
24、urface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.2.6 drill stringthe complete rotary drilling assemblyunder rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods, andconnector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assemblyis used to determine drilling depth by referencing the
25、positionof the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.7 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having selectedgrain-size characteristics, that is placed between a mo
26、nitoringdevice and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filterpack or gravel envelope is to act as: a nonclogging filter whenthe aquifer is not suited to natural development or, as aformation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for naturaldevelopment.3.2.7.1 DiscussionUnder most circumsta
27、nces, a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, aprepacked screen may be used.3.2.8 head spaceon a double- or triple-tube wireline corebarrel it is the spacing adjustment made between the pilot-shoeleading edge and the inner kerf of the outer-tube cutting bit.Spacing should be abo
28、ut116 in. or roughly, the thickness of amatchbook. (The head-space adjustment is made by removingthe inner-barrel assembly, loosening the lock nut on thehanger-bearing shaft and either tightening or loosening thethreaded shaft until the inner barrel is moved the necessarydistance, up or down, to obt
29、ain the correct setting. Reassemblethe inner- and outer-barrel assemblies, attach the barrel to thedrill rod or a wireline and suspend vertically allowing theinner-barrel assembly to hang freely inside the outer barrel onthe inner hanger-bearing assembly. Check the head space. It isimperative that t
30、he adjustment is correct to ensure that the innerbarrel is free to rotate without contacting the outer barrel. Ifincorrectly adjusted, the inner barrel will 88hang up” and rotatewith the outer barrel as the core is being cut. This will cause thecore to break and block entry of core into the inner ba
31、rrel.)3.2.9 grout shoea drillable 88plug” containing a checkvalve that is positioned within the lowermost section of acasing column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fillthe annular space between the casing and the borehole wall oranother casing.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe composition of the d
32、rillable88plug” should be known and documented.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or expandable annularplug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positionedimmediately above the discharge end of the pipe.3.2.11 intermittent sampling devicesusually barrel-typesamplers that are driven or pushed bel
33、ow the bottom of aborehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to lower,drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of anincrement of drilling. The user is referred to the followingstandards relating to suggested sampling methods and proce-dures: Practice D 1452, Test Method D 1586, P
34、ractice D 3550,and Practice D 1587.3.2.12 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in-situ testing devices (
35、such as electronic pressuretransducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in preexistingboreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctlyposition the device(s) in the b
36、orehole.3.2.13 lead distancethe mechanically adjusted length ordistance that the inner-barrel cutting shoe is set to extendbeyond the outer core-barrel cutting bit in order to minimizepossible core-erosion damage that can be caused by thecirculating drilling-fluid media. Lead distance is checked byv
37、ertically suspending the entire core-barrel assembly from awireline or from a section of drill rod so that the inner-barrelcan hang freely from the upper inner-barrel swivel assembly.The cutting shoe extension below the outer core-barrel cuttingD 5876 95 (2005)2bit can then be checked. The 88stiffer
38、” or more competent theformation to be cored, the less the extension of the inner-barrelcutting shoe is necessary to avoid core erosion.3.2.14 overshota latching mechanism located at the endof the hoisting line. It is specially designed to latch onto orrelease pilot bit or core-barrel assemblies.3.2
39、.15 pilot bit assemblydesign to lock into the endsection of drill rod for drilling without sampling. The pilot bitcan be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types. The bitcan be set to protrude from the rod coring bit depending onformation conditions.3.2.16 suba substitute or adaptor used to c
40、onnect fromone size or type of threaded drill rod or tool connection toanother.3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitoring deviceaninstrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-istics of subsurface pore water or to make in
41、-situ measure-ments.3.2.18 wireline drillinga rotary drilling process whichuses special enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or loweredinside the rods with a wireline and overshot latching mecha-nism.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Wirelin
42、e drilling is a rotary drilling process that usesspecial enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or loweredinside the rods with a wireline and overshot latching mecha-nism. The bottom section of rod has either a diamond orcarbide coring
43、 bit at the end and is specially machined toaccommodate latching of either pilot bits or core barrels. Theovershot mechanism is designed to latch and unlatch bit orbarrel assemblies. Bit cutting is accomplished by application ofthe combination rotary and static down forces to the bit.General drill-h
44、ole advancement may be performed withoutsampling by using either a pilot roller cone or drag bit until thedesired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may becontinuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilotbit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rockor soil.4.2 T
45、he pilot bit or core barrel can be inserted or removed atany time during the drilling process and the large insidediameter rods can act as a temporary casing for testing orinstallation of monitoring devices.5. Significance and Use5.1 Wireline casing advancement may be used in support ofgeoenvironmen
46、tal exploration and for installation of subsur-face monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consoli-dated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to awide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials aslong as fluid circula
47、tion can be maintained. Wireline casing-advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the addedbenefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protectivecasing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out ofthe hole e
48、ach time a core is obtained. The drill rods need onlybe removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if theinner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for usewith circulating air under pressure for sampling water-sensitivematerials where fl
49、uid exposure may alter the core or incavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2).3Severaladvantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over othermethods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly throughconsolidated materials and, in many instances, not require theintroduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotarydrilling techniques are usually employed to advance theborehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sand-stones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-basedrotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantage
