1、Designation: D 6039/D 6039M 08Standard Specification forOpen and Covered Wood Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6039/D 6039M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers five types and two styles ofo
3、pen and one type, and one style of covered wood cratesdesigned for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb 1814 kg. Opencrates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readilysusceptible to damage from outside forces, and which requireonly limited protection against the elements.1.2 If environmenta
4、l protection is necessary, use of a shroudor a covered crate should be considered. With the exception ofType III, Style B crates, the crates included in this specificationare for use in domestic and overseas shipment of net loads notover 4000 lb 1814 kg. Use shall be confined to items fallingwithin
5、the dimensions and weight limitations of the types andgrades specified in Table 1.1.3 In general, Style A crates have heavier components andare to withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments(heavy-duty), while Style B crates should be confined tohandling and shipping that impose only lig
6、ht to moderatehazards on the container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V cratesare general purpose types; Type II crates are designed for itemssuch as ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do notrequire blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and Type III, Style Bcrates are designed for such self
7、-supporting material as chan-nels, angles, or other structural members where the containerserves only as a means for more convenient stacking andhandling.1.4 If the use of other construction methods or techniques isacceptable and permitted (see 5.1.13), the resulting packagingsystems shall be of equ
8、al or better performance than wouldresult from the use of these specified materials and procedures.The appropriate distribution cycle specified in Practice D 4169can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded
9、separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety con
10、cerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Dis
11、tribution Environ-mentsD 1990 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties forVisually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Testsof Full-Size SpecimensD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shippin
12、g Con-tainers and SystemsD 4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat StrappingMaterialsD 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-ers and PalletsF 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,and Staples2.2 ASME/ANSI Standards:3ASME/ANSI A208.1 Mat-Formed Wood ParticleboardASME/
13、ANSI B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and ScrewsInch SeriesASME/ANSI B18.5 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)ASME/ANSI B18.22.1 (B18.22M) Plain Washers1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on ShippingContainers
14、, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6039/D 6039M 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engi-neering Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017.1Copyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Standards:4PS 1 Voluntary Product Standard, Structural PlywoodPS 2 Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-UsePanelsPS 20 American Softwood Lumber Standar
17、d2.4 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (HPVA)Standard:5ANSI/HPVA HP-12004 American National Standard forHardwood and Decorative Plywood2.5 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Stan-dard:6NHLA Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hard-wood and Cypress2.6 National Motor Freight Tra
18、ffc Association Standard:7National Motor Freight Classification3. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D 996.NOTE 1Crate components discussed herein were selected on the basisof component function.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific t
19、o This Standard: (SeeNote 1.)3.2.1 baselower frame of the crate on which its contentrests.3.2.2 battenreinforcement used to hold a series of mem-bers together to create rigidity; when used flushed with the end,it becomes a cleat.3.2.3 cleata piece of lumber used to strengthen or supportthe framework
20、 of the crate.3.2.4 cratea container with structural framework fastenedtogether to form a rigid structure enclosure, typically having anopen construction concept with little or no panel support.3.2.5 crossmembermember running perpendicular to lon-gitudinal members3.2.6 diagonalangle member placed be
21、tween vertical andhorizontal members within a frame to provide rigidity to thecrate.3.2.7 endcomposed of members to which battens or cleatsare attached forming a structural component along the width ofthe crate.3.2.8 end floor memberend frame members are similar toside frame members but perpendicula
22、r to the long dimension.3.2.9 filler piecesboards placed across the ends of thin,non-load-bearing floorboards, which serve to fill the spacebelow the lower frame member of the crate sides.3.2.10 joistload-supporting member of the top frame,spanning the width of the crate.3.2.11 lateral membertransve
23、rse member of the frame.3.2.12 load-bearing floorboardtransverse base members,which serve to distribute and transfer loads to the outside skids.3.2.13 longitudinal memberlengthwise member of theframe.3.2.14 lower edge memberhorizontal members at thebottom of the side and end frames.3.2.15 memberpart
24、s that form the fundamental structureof both sheathed and open crate; members are typically boards.3.2.16 sidecomposed of faceboards or panels to whichbattens or cleats are attached forming a structural componentalong the length of a container.3.2.17 skidlongitudinal members attached to the cratebot
25、tom, which serve to support and transfer the load to the sidepanels.3.2.18 strutmembers placed vertically between upper andlower members.3.2.19 toptop most panel of the crate. Also referred by“lid” or “cover”.3.2.20 upper edge memberhorizontal members at the topof the side and end frames.4. Classifi
26、cation4.1 Crates covered by this specification shall be of the typesand styles shown in Table 1 for maximum net loads andmaximum dimensions.5. Ordering Information5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permittedherein, and include the following information in procurementdocuments:5.1.1 T
27、itle, number, and date of this specification,5.1.2 Type and style of crate required (see Table 1),4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.5Available from Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (
28、HPVA), P.O. Box2789, Reston, VA 22090-0789. www.hpva.org6Available from National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA), 6830 Ra-leigh LaGrange Rd., Memphis, TN 38134. www.natlhardwood.org7Available from the American Trucking Association, Inc., Traffic Department,2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314.TABL
29、E 1 Crate ClassificationTypeStyle A, Heavy Duty Style B, Light DutyMaximum NetLoad (lb/kg)Inside Dimensions, maxMaximum NetLoad (lb/kg)Inside Dimensions, maxLength (ft/mm) Width (ft/mm) Height (ft/mm) Length (ft/mm) Width (ft/mm) Height (ft/mm)I 250 113 4 1200 3 900 3 900 200 90 4 1200 3 900 3 900II
30、A1000 450 12 3600 4 900 2 450 No Style BIII No Style A No load or size restriction except as limited by handling methodsIV 1000 450 6 1829 4 900 4 900 No Style BVB2500 1125 12 3600 6 1829 6 1829 4000 1814 32 9600 6 1829 10 3000AItems such as ladders, tubing, and extrusions weighing less than 200 lb
31、90 kg and not exceeding 20 ft 6000 mm long, 3 ft 900 mm wide and 2 ft 600 mm highmay be packed in Type II crates.BType V, Styles A and B crates shall be further classified as being either nondemountable or demountable. Type V, Style B crates may be open or covered.D 6039/D 6039M 0825.1.3 Combination
32、 of end and side panels required (see7.7.1 and 7.7.2),5.1.4 When interior side battens shall be replaced by exte-rior side cleats for forklift handling (see 7.7.4),5.1.5 Alternative method of assembly of demountable crateif required (see 7.10.6),5.1.6 When demountability is required for Type V crate
33、s(see 7.10 and 7.11),5.1.7 When Type V, Style B crates shall be open or covered(see 7.11),5.1.8 When covering material shall be other than as speci-fied (see 7.11.6),5.1.9 When demountability is required for covered crates(see 7.11.7),5.1.10 When assembly instructions shall be furnished (see7.12),5.
34、1.11 When the crates are to be furnished other thanknocked down (see 9.1),5.1.12 When packaging (see 9.1) and marking (see 9.2)isother than as specified, and5.1.13 When proof that other construction methods ortechniques are acceptable (see 1.4) is required.6. Materials6.1 MaterialsMaterials shall be
35、 as specified herein. Ma-terials not specified shall be selected by the contractor/cratebuilder and shall be subject to all the provisions of thisspecification. Materials shall be free of defects, which ad-versely affect performance or serviceability of the finishedproduct.6.2 LumberLumber component
36、s shall conform to PracticeD 6199, PS 20,orNHLA Rules. Wood members shall be theindustries commonly accepted practice for nominal sizes andwood groups and shall conform to commercial practice stan-dards in accordance with Practice D 1990, unless otherwisespecified. Lumber components shall have a tar
37、get thicknessand width uniform in dimension and 50 % of components shallmeet or exceed the target dimensions at the time of componentmanufacture.6.3 PlywoodPlywood shall be performance-rated panel-ing manufactured in accordance with PS 1, PS 2,orANSI/HPVA HP-12004. All panels shall be bonded with mo
38、isture-resistant adhesive and be identified as either Exposure 1 orExterior.6.4 FastenersFasteners are classified as driven nails,bolts, lag bolts, wood screws, and metal strapping.6.4.1 NailsNails shall be in accordance with SpecificationF 1667 and other industry standards. Nails are classified asp
39、lain-shank, helically threaded, annularly threaded, fluted, ortwisted square wire.6.4.2 StaplesStaples have either round-wire or approxi-mately square-wire legs, referring to the cross-sectional shapeof the wire. Staples shall be made of low-carbon steel wire andgalvanized.6.4.3 Bolts, Lag Bolts, Nu
40、ts, and WashersBolts, lag bolts,and nuts shall conform to ASME/ANSI B18.2.1 and ASME/ANSI B18.5 and other industry standards. Washers shallconform to ASME/ANSI B18.22.1 (B18.22M) and other in-dustry standards. Standard steel carriage bolts can be used inany of three styles: standard, slotted, or lar
41、ge head.6.4.4 Wood ScrewsScrews shall be inserted into the cratecomponents to be assembled with a screwdriver or screwmotion machine tool. Approximately two-thirds of the screwlength and seven times the shank diameter shall be thepenetration length into the fastening member. Where pre-drilling is re
42、quired, the maximum lead-hold diameter shall bethe fastener-shank diameter, and the pilot-hole diameter shallnot be larger than the thread-root diameter.6.4.5 Metal StrappingStrapping used to reinforce cratesshall conform to Specification D 3953 and other industrystandards. Strapping finish shall be
43、 as specified herein.7. Construction7.1 Nailing ProcedureFor fastening covering materials tomembers, the length of nails shall not be less than 1 in. 25mm and shall not exceed the sum of the thickness of thecovering material and the member. Nail sizes specified for thefabrication of the various crat
44、es are based on Group I and IIwoods (see Practice D 6199). When Group III and IV woodsare used, nail sizes may be one penny size smaller than thosespecified. The patterns to be used for the nailing of two flatpieces of lumber shall conform to the details shown in Fig. 1 oras specified herein. Unless
45、 otherwise specified herein, thefollowing requirements shall determine size, placement, andquantity of nails:7.1.1 All adjacent crate members shall be fastened to eachother, either directly or by means of the covering.7.1.2 All nails that are not to be clinched shall be cementcoated or mechanically
46、deformed (helically or annularlythreaded).7.1.3 Nails shall be driven through the thinner member intothe thicker member wherever possible.7.1.4 When the flat faces of lumber are nailed together andthe combined thickness is 3 in. 75 mm or less (except for thetop joists and covering material), nails s
47、hall be long enough topass through both thicknesses and shall be clinched not lessthan14 in. 6 mm nor more than38 in. 9 mm.7.1.5 When the flat faces of lumber are nailed together andthe combined thickness is more than 3 in. 75 mm or when theflat face of one or more pieces is nailed to the edge or en
48、d faceof another, nails shall not be clinched. The portion of the nailin the thicker piece shall not be less than two times the lengthof the nail in the thinner pieces for ten penny (3 in. 76 mm)nails and smaller, and not less than 112 in. 38 mm for twelvepenny (314 in. 82 mm) nails and larger.7.1.6
49、 When splitting occurs, the nails shall be slightlyblunted. When blunting does not prevent the splitting, holesslightly smaller than the diameter of the nail shall be drilled foreach nail.7.1.7 Nails shall be driven so that neither the head nor thepoint projects above the surface of the wood. Occasionaloverdriving will be permitted, but nails shall not be overdrivenmore than one eighth the thickness of the piece holding thehead.7.1.8 Nails shall be positioned not less
