1、Designation: D 6046 02 (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Classification ofHydraulic Fluids for Environmental Impact1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6046; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification covers all unused fully formulatedhydraulic fluids in their original fo
3、rm.1.2 This classification establishes categories for the impactof hydraulic fluids on different environmental compartments asshown in Table 1. Fluids are assigned designations within thesecategories; for example PwL, Pwe, and so forth, based onperformance in specified tests.1.3 In the current versi
4、on of this classification the aspects ofenvironmental impact included are environmental persistenceof which biodegradability is one component and acute ecotox-icity.Although environmental persistence is discussed first, thisclassification does not imply that considerations of environ-mental persiste
5、nce should take precedence over concerns forecotoxicity.1.4 Another important aspect of environmental impact isbioaccumulation. This aspect is not addressed in the presentclassification because adequate test methods do not yet exist tomeasure bioaccumulation of hydraulic fluids.1.5 The present class
6、ification addresses the fresh water andsoil environmental compartments. At this time marine andanaerobic environmental compartments are not included, al-though they are pertinent for many uses of hydraulic fluids.Hydraulic fluids are expected to have no significant impact onthe atmosphere; therefore
7、 that compartment is not addressed.1.6 This classification addresses releases to the environmentwhich are incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid. Theclassification is not intended to address environmental impactin situations of major, accidental release. Nothing in thisclassification should be t
8、aken to relieve the user of theresponsibility to properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.7 This classification does not cover any performanceproperties of a hydraulic fluid which relate to its performancein a hydraulic system.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety conc
9、erns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5291 Test Methods for Instrumental De
10、termination ofCarbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Productsand LubricantsD 5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Bio-degradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD 6006 Guide for Assessing Biodegradability of HydraulicFluidsD 6081 Practice for Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Lubricants
11、:Sample Preparation and Results InterpretationE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1440 Guide for Acute Toxicity Test with the RotiferBrachionus2.2 ISO Standards:3International Standard ISO Test 9439:1990 Technical Cor-rigendum 1, Water QualityEvaluation in An Aq
12、ueousMedium of the “Ultimate” Biodegradability of OrganicCompoundsMethod by Analysis of Released CarbonDioxide2.3 OECD Standards:4OECD 301B CO2Evolution Test (the Modified Sturm Test)OECD 301C Modified MITI Test (I)OECD 301F Manometric Respirometry TestOECD 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition TestOECD 202 D
13、aphnia sp., Acute Immobilisation Test andReproduction TestOECD 203 Fish, Acute Toxicity TestOECD 207 Earthworm Acute Toxicity TestOECD 208 Terrestrial Plants Growth Test2.4 US EPA Tests:5Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation Test, 40 CFR 796.31001This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit
14、tee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.N0 on Hydraulic Fluids.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6046 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
15、ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036
16、. All standards referenced are from the OECDGuidelines for Testing of Chemicals.4Available from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), 2, Rue Andre Pascal, S-75775, Paris CEDEX 16, France. May also befound in U.S. Federal Register, Vol 50, No. 188, September 27, 1965, paragraph
17、796.3260.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Also available as EPA publication 560/6-82-003, numberCG-2000)Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 40 CFR Parts
18、 796and 797Environmental Effects Testing Guidelines, Fed-eral Register, Vol 50, No. 188, September 27, 1985, p.393212.5 Environmental Canada Test Methods:6Biological Test Method: Acute Lethality Test Using Rain-bow Trout, Report EPS 1/9, Environment Canada, July1990Biological Test Method: Reference
19、Method for DeterminingAcute Lethality of Effluents to Rainbow Trout, ReferenceMethod EPS 1/RM/13, Environment Canada, July 1990Biological Test Method: Growth Inhibition Test Using theFreshwater Alga Selenastrum capricornutum, Report EPS1/RM/25, Environment Canada, November 1992BiologicalTest Method:
20、Acute LethalityTest Using Daphniaspp., Report EPS 1/RM/11, Environment Canada, July1990Biodegradability of Two-Stroke Cycle Outboard Engine Oilsin Water, CEC L-33-A-934, Co-Ordinating EuropeanCouncil, 1994 (Formerly L-33-T-82)Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Good LaboratoryPractice Standards, Fi
21、nal Rule, U.S. Federal Register, 40CFR Part 792, August 17, 19892.6 Other Standards:MENVIQ 92.03/800D.mag. 1.1, March 1992729 CFR 1910 OSHA Regulated Carcinogens and PotentialCarcinogens53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material toproduce adverse behavioral
22、, biochemical, or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod of time, usually not constituting a substantial portion ofthe life span of the organism.3.1.2 aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence ofoxygen, (2) living or active in the presence of oxygen.3.1.3 anae
23、robic, adj(1) taking place in the absence ofoxygen, (2) living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.4 biodegradation, nthe process of chemical break-down or transformation of a material caused by organisms ortheir enzymes.3.1.4.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only one mechanismby which materials are
24、 removed from the environment.3.1.5 ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations.3.1.6 effect load XX (ELXX), na statistically or graphi-cally estimated loading rate of test material that is expect
25、ed tocause one or more specified effects in XX % of a group oforganisms under specified conditions for a specified time.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis terminology should be used forhydraulic fluids instead of the standard effect concentration(ECXX) when the hydraulic fluid is not completely solubleunder tes
26、t conditions.3.1.7 environmental compartment, na subdivision of theenvironment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.3.1.7.1 DiscussionExamples of environmental compart-ments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, aerobic soil, andanaerobic media. The results of test procedures may be
27、appliedto environmental compartments, but the test systems do notconstitute an environmental compartment.3.1.8 fresh water environment, nthe aerobic, fresh waterenvironmental compartment.3.1.9 good laboratory practices (GLP), nguidelines forthe management of laboratory experiments which are pub-lish
28、ed by regulatory agencies or other recognized groups andare concerned with the organizational process and the condi-tions under which laboratory studies are planned, performed,monitored, recorded, and reported.3.1.9.1 DiscussionThe major GLPs used are USE-PATSCA, USFDA, OECD, and to some extent the
29、MITIversion from Japan for submissions in Japan.3.1.10 inhibition load XX (ILXX), na statistically orgraphically estimated loading rate of test material that isexpected to cause a XX % inhibition of a biological process(such as growth or reproduction) which has an analog asopposed to a digital measu
30、re.3.1.10.1 DiscussionAn example of a digital measurewould be alive or dead. This terminology should be used forhydraulic fluids instead of the standard inhibition concentration(ICXX) when the hydraulic fluid is not completely solubleunder test conditions.3.1.11 inoculum, nspores, bacteria, single-c
31、elled organ-isms, or other live materials that are introduced into a testmedium.3.1.12 lethal load XX (LLXX), na statistically or graphi-cally estimated loading rate of test material that is expected tobe lethal to XX % of a group of organisms under specifiedconditions for a specified time.3.1.12.1
32、DiscussionThis terminology should be used forhydraulic fluids instead of the standard lethal concentration(LCXX) when the hydraulic fluid is not completely solubleunder test conditions.3.1.13 loading rate, nthe ratio of test material to aqueousmedium used in the preparation of a water accommodatedfr
33、action (WAF) and in interpretation of the results of a toxicitystudy with a poorly water soluble lubricant or lubricantcomponent.3.1.14 mechanical dispersion, na mixture produced bythe application of mechanical shearing forces to a multi-phasesystem, one component of which is water, so as to distrib
34、ute6Available from CEC, Madou Plaza, Place Madou 1, B-1030 Brussels, Belgium.7Available from Ministere de lEnvironment, Gouvernment du Quebec.TABLE 1 Overview of Extended ClassificationEnvironmentalCompartmentCategories of Environmental ImpactEnvironmentalPersistenceEcotoxicity BioaccumulationFresh
35、Water Pw Tw BwMarine Pm Tm BmSoil Ps Ts BsAnaerobic Pa Ta BaD 6046 02 (2006)2one or more of the materials uniformly throughout the mass ofthe water with the water existing as a continuous phase.3.1.15 pre-adaptation, nthe pre-incubation of an inocu-lum in the presence of the test material and under
36、conditionssimilar to the test conditions.3.1.15.1 DiscussionThe aim of pre-adaptation is to im-prove the precision of the test method by decreasing variabilityin the rate of biodegradation produced by the inoculum.Pre-adaptation may mimic the natural processes which causechanges in the microbial pop
37、ulation of the inoculum leading tomore rapid biodegradation of the test material but not to achange in the final extent of biodegradation.3.1.16 primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the testmaterial by microorganisms resulting in a change in itsphysical or chemical properties, or both.3.1.16.1 Di
38、scussionThe extent to which the results of aprimary biodegradation test correspond to the biological con-version of the test material will depend on the attribute whichis being measured.3.1.17 primary biodegradation test, na test which followsthe disappearance of a test material by measuring someatt
39、ribute of the material.3.1.17.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of aprimary biodegradation test correspond to the biological con-version of the test material will depend on the attribute whichis being measured.3.1.18 terrestrial (or soil) environment, nthe aerobic en-vironmental compartmen
40、t which is found in and on naturalsoils.3.1.19 theoretical CO2, nthe amount of CO2which couldin theory be produced from the complete oxidation of all thecarbon in a material.3.1.20 theoretical O2, nthe amount of oxygen whichwould theoretically be required to completely oxidize a mate-rial.3.1.21 ult
41、imate biodegradation, ndegradation achievedwhen a material is totally utilized by microorganisms resultingin the production of carbon dioxide (and possibly methane inthe case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganic com-pounds, and new microbial cellular constituents (biomass orsecretions or b
42、oth).3.1.22 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which esti-mates the extent to which the carbon in a material is convertedto CO2or methane, either directly by measuring the productionof CO2or methane, or, for aerobic biodegradation, indirectlyby measuring the consumption of O2.3.1.22.1 DiscussionT
43、he measurement of new biomass isusually not attempted.3.1.23 water accommodated fraction (WAF), nthe pre-dominately aqueous portion of a mixture of water and a poorlywater-soluble material which separates in a specified period oftime after the mixture has undergone a specified degree ofmixing and in
44、cludes water, dissolved components, and dis-persed droplets of the poorly water soluble material.3.1.23.1 DiscussionThe chemical composition of theWAF depends on the ratio of poorly soluble material to waterin the original mixture as well as the details of the mixingprocedure.3.1.24 wppman abbreviat
45、ion for part per million byweight.3.1.25 Definitions and terms not given in this classificationmay be found in the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions, 1990 or Terminology E 943.4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification establishes categories of hydraulicfluids which are distinguished by
46、their response to certainstandardized laboratory procedures. These procedures indicatethe possible response of some environmental compartments tothe introduction of the hydraulic fluid. One set of proceduresmeasures the aerobic aquatic biodegradability (environmentalpersistence) of the fluids and an
47、other set of procedures esti-mates the acute ecotoxicity effects of the fluids.4.1.1 Although this classification includes categories forboth persistence and ecotoxicity, there is no relationshipbetween the two categories. They may be used independentlyof each other, that is, a hydraulic fluid can b
48、e categorized withrespect to both sets of laboratory procedures, or to persistencebut not ecotoxicity, or to ecotoxicity but not persistence.4.1.2 There is no relationship between the categoriesachieved by a hydraulic fluid for persistence and for ecotoxic-ity. The placing of a hydraulic fluid with
49、regard to one set ofcategories has no predictive value as to its placement withregard to the other set of categories.4.2 The test procedures used to establish the categories ofhydraulic fluids are laboratory standard tests and are notintended to simulate the natural environment. Definitive fieldstudies capable of correlating test results with the actualenvironmental impact of hydraulic fluids are usually sitespecific and so are not directly applicable to this classification.Therefore, the categories established by this classification canserve
