1、Designation: D 6213 97 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Practice forTests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids toLiquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing of geo-grids for chemical resistance to liquids.1.2 This
3、 practice describes methods for measuring changesin physical and mechanical properties caused by immersion intest solutions that may be representative of anticipated end-useconditions.1.3 This practice describes procedures for required andrecommended testing of geogrids.1.4 Evaluation or interpretat
4、ion of test data is beyond thescope of this practice.1.5 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction withD 5322,orD 5496, or both. The scope of this practice islimited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed andexposed geogrid coupons.1.6 This standard does not purport to address a
5、ll of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2.
6、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1238 Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplasti
7、csby Extrusion PlastometerD 1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextilesby the Wide-Width Strip MethodD 4603 Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity ofPoly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by G
8、lass CapillaryViscometerD 5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD 5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsD 5747 Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resis-tance of Geomembranes to LiquidsE 375 D
9、efinitions of Terms Relating to Resinography33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 chemical resistance, nfor geosynthetics, the extentto which a material or product retains its original physical andchemical characteristics as a function of immersion in, orcontact with, a foreign substance. (D 5747, D3
10、5)3.1.2 coating, na liquid, liquefiable or mastic compositionthat is converted to a solid protected, decorative, or functionaladherent film after application as a thin layer. (D16, D01)3.1.3 coupon, na portion of a material or laboratorysample, from which multiple specimens can be taken fortesting.
11、(D 5747, D35)3.1.4 composite, na material made up of distinct partswhich contribute, either proportionately, or synergistically, tothe properties of the combination. (E 3753, D20)3.1.5 geogrid, na reinforcing geosynthetic comprised ofintegrally connected elements with in-plane apertures betweeneleme
12、nts. (D 4439, D35)3.1.6 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman made project, structure, or system. (D 4439, D35)3.1.7 inherent viscositythe quotient of the natura
13、l loga-rithm of relative viscosity by the concentration, that is in hrel/c.(D 1695, D01)3.1.8 integral, adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessarypart of the whole; a constituent. (D 4439, D35)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibi
14、lity of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 6213 - 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 relative viscositythe ratio of the viscosity of asolution to that of the pure solvent. (D 1695, D01)3.1.10 melt index, nthe flow rate of PE material whenmeasured in accordance with Test Method D 1238.3.1.11 polyester, na polymer in which the rep
17、eated struc-tural unit in the chain is of the ester type. (D 883, D20)3.1.12 polyolefin, na polymer prepared by the polymer-ization of an olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s). (D 883, D20)3.1.13 sample, na portion of a lot of material that is takenfor incubation, testing, or for record purposes. (D 123,
18、 D13)3.1.14 specimen, na specific portion of a material orlaboratory sample upon which a test is performed or which istaken for that purpose. (D 4439, D35)4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures forevaluating the resistance of geogrids to liquid exposure bymonitor
19、ing physical and chemical properties of geogrid cou-pons after immersion in a test liquid. The physical condition ofthe geogrid is monitored as a function of cumulative exposuretime by means of visual observations, and mechanical andchemical property tests.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is
20、 intended to provide a list of standardprocedures for test programs investigating the chemical resis-tance of a geogrid to a liquid. This practice should be used inthe absence of other specifications required for the particularsituation being addressed.5.2 This practice is intended to provide a basi
21、s of standard-ization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemi-cal resistance of a geogrid. It should be recognized thatchemical resistance is a user judgment evaluation and that thispractice does not offer procedures for interpreting the resultsobtained from test procedures contained i
22、n this practice. As apractice, this does not produce a test result.5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessmentof geogrids and is written in parallel to similar practices forgeomembranes, geotextiles, geonets, and geopipes. Each prac-tice is to be considered individually for the geosy
23、nthetic underinvestigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed tothe potentially harsh chemical environment under consider-ation.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant-rate-of-extension(CRE) or constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) type with auto-graphic recorder conforming to the re
24、quirements of Specifica-tion D76shall be used.6.2 Testing ClampsThese clamps shall be sufficientlywide to grip the entire rib specimen and with appropriateclamping power to prevent slipping or crushing (damage). Thesuggested style of clamp is wedge action type, commonlyavailable from the manufacture
25、r of the tensile testing machine.6.3 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standardsfor a description of the apparatus necessary to perform thosetests.7. Hazards7.1 Geogrids may be exposed to liquids that may containhazardous che
26、micals. Appropriate precautions must be takenwhen handling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the immersionsolutions. Protective equipment suitable for the chemicalsbeing used must be worn by all personnel handling or exposedto the chemicals. Particular care should be taken when openingstorage vessels
27、at elevated temperatures due to the increasedvolatility of organics and the increased activity of acids andbases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling ofhazardous materials and provisions must be made to clean upany accidental spills that do occur.7.2 Before carrying out any test, safety
28、precautions anddisposal procedures for hazardous waste, chemicals or immer-sion liquids, and any contaminated geogrid materials should beidentified and implemented to provide full protection to allpersonnel and to comply with applicable disposal regulations.8. Sample Preparation8.1 Sample product as
29、 received.9. Sampling9.1 Geogrid:9.1.1 Determine the number and dimensions of the testspecimens according to the requirements of property tests,listed in Section 14, to be performed, the duration of theimmersion, and the number of test intervals.9.1.2 SampleSample in accordance with the respectivete
30、st methods selected for the geogrid.9.1.3 CouponsCut coupons from geogrid sample repre-sentative of the geogrids being evaluated so as to provide asufficient number of specimens for each chosen property testand test interval. Discard any coupons that contain scratches orother imperfections that migh
31、t affect the test results, and cutreplacement coupons.9.1.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion andre-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.9.1.5 SpecimensAfter exposure, test specimens are cutfrom the coupons.9.1.6 Interrelationship between product, sample, coupon,and speci
32、men is illustrated in Fig. 1.9.2 Test LiquidFollow procedures established in Prac-tice 5322, Section 6.10. Conditioning Before Immersion10.1 GeogridsCondition samples at 21 6 2C (70 6 4F)and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not less than40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immer
33、sion, or allof these.10.2 Test LiquidCondition the test liquid (that is, immer-sion liquid) in the exposure tank, with stirring, for a period ofnot less than 24 h at a recommended immersion temperature inPractice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both.11. Procedure11.1 Geogrid:11.1.1 Immerse a sufficien
34、t number of coupons in the testsolution as specified in Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496,orD 6213 97 (2009)2both, to perform the required statistical testing for eachimmersion period called for in 11.4.11.1.2 Immerse additional coupons for weight changes andvolatile loss during each immersion peri
35、od. Record the weightof the coupon to an accuracy of at least 0.1 % of the couponsweight.11.1.3 Remove the required and recommended number ofcoupons for testing at the prescribed test period. Elevatedtemperature coupons should be allowed to cool to roomtemperature in a sample of the immersion fluid.
36、 Rinse eachcoupon with de-ionized water and remove any visible liquidresidue on the coupon surface by blotting lightly with water-absorbent, lint free paper towels. Coupons should be stored ina sealed container with minimum void volume so as tominimize moisture or volatile(s) loss, or both.NOTE 1The
37、 prescribed test period is to be determined by the partiesinvolved.NOTE 2Coupons sealed in a zip-lock polyethylene bags and thenplaced within a container to shield against ultraviolet exposure has been anacceptable practice.11.2 Test LiquidMaintain test liquid chemistry and con-centration as establi
38、shed in Practice D 5322 or PracticeD 5496, or both.11.3 Test Specimen Preparation:11.3.1 Remove coupons, one at a time, from storage in thesame order that they entered storage; that is, first in becomesfirst out.11.3.2 Cut test specimens from coupons.11.3.3 Between tests, specimens should be kept in
39、 anairtight container.11.4 The tests to be performed on a geogrid are listed inSection 16. All tests should be completed on the exposedspecimens after each test period. Only one set of tests must becompleted on the unexposed specimens to establish a baselineof data. For the initial data base, twice
40、as many specimens aslisted below should be tested on the unexposed material inorder to produce a statistical base.11.5 Testing of the material exposed to the leachate must bedone within 24 h of removal from the test solution.12. Required Product Testing12.1 Visual ObservationsWritten description of
41、thesamples before and after immersion. Visual appearance canhelp in the interpretation of the data and may explain anoma-lous test results. Appearance items to be considered mayinclude change from original color, including any mottling,change in surface gloss, change in surface roughness, swellingor
42、 other change at the edges of the specimen, scratches,scoring, fracture initiation, or splitting of specimen into sepa-rate parts, and gross specimen changes such as wrinkling,dimensions, or noticeable curling.12.2 Tensile Testing Options:12.2.1 Rib Tensile Test (Option 1):12.2.1.1 Calibrate and bal
43、ance the tensile testing system.12.2.1.2 Mount the specimen centrally in the clamps andtighten sufficiently to prevent damage to the specimen.12.2.1.3 Set the CRE to be 50 mm/min. (2 in./min.).12.2.1.4 Rebalance the test system and initiate the test bystarting the testing machine and continue runnin
44、g until ruptureoccurs. Record and report the tensile vs. elongation responseup to, and including failure.12.2.1.5 Repeat 12.2.1.2-12.2.1.4 until ten acceptablebreaks have been obtained.NOTE 3If a specimen slips in the jaws, breaks at the edge of, or withinthe jaws, or if for any reason attributed to
45、 faulty operation, the results fallmarkedly below the average of the set of specimens, discard the result andtest another specimen.12.2.1.6 See 14.1 for calculating rib tensile strength.NOTERoll product is supplied by the manufacturer. Samples are cut from the roll product. Coupons are cut from samp
46、les and immersed in liquid.Specimens are cut from coupons for testing.FIG. 1 Relationship Between Roll, Sample, Coupon, and SpecimenD 6213 97 (2009)312.2.2 Wide Width Tensile Test (Option 2)Use TestMethod D 4595, but modify for geogrids (that is, adjusted forwidth and gage length).12.3 Resin Propert
47、ies:12.3.1 Polyolefin Geogrids:12.3.1.1 Melt Index:12.3.1.2 PolyethyleneUse Test Method D 1238 Condition190/2.16.12.3.1.3 PolypropyleneUse Test Method D 1238 Condi-tion 230/2.16.12.3.2 Polyester Geogrids:12.3.2.1 Inherent ViscosityUse Test Method D 4603 toevaluate the fibrous polyester substrate.13.
48、 Recommended Product Testing13.1 Visual ObservationsPhotographic record.13.2 Record additional properties, such as stress and strainat peak and failure, as agreed upon between the partiesinvolved.14. Calculation14.1 Rib Tensile Strength:14.1.1 From the test data generated in 12.2, the averageultimat
49、e rib tensile strength “Trib” is calculated as:Trib5(i 5 1nTi/n (1)where:Trib= average ultimate rib strength in kN (lb.),Ti= ultimate test strength for each rib in kN (lb.), andn = total number of test specimens (minimum of ten).14.1.2 From the test data generated in 12.2, the averageultimate rib elongation, “Erib” is calculated as:Erib5(i 5 1nEi/n (2)where:Erib= the average ultimate elongation in mm (in.),Ei= ultimate test elongation for each rib in mm (in.), andn = total number of test specimens (minimum of ten).15. Report15.1 State that the imm
