1、Designation: D6433 18Standard Practice forRoads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition IndexSurveys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6433; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination of roads andparking lots pavement condition through visual surveys usingthe pavement condition
3、 Index (PCI) method of quantifyingpavement condition.1.2 The PCI for roads and parking lots was developed by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1, 2).2It is further verified andadopted by DOD and APWA.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are
4、mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
5、 safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization es
6、tablished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 additional samplea sample unit i
7、nspected in addi-tion to the random sample units to include nonrepresentativesample units in the determination of the pavement condition.This includes very poor or excellent samples that are nottypical of the section and sample units, which contain anunusual distress such as a utility cut. If a samp
8、le unitcontaining an unusual distress is chosen at random it should becounted as an additional sample unit and another randomsample unit should be chosen. If every sample unit is surveyed,then there are no additional sample units.2.1.2 asphalt concrete (AC) surfaceaggregate mixturewith an asphalt ce
9、ment binder. This term also refers to surfacesconstructed of coal tars and natural tars for purposes of thispractice.2.1.3 pavement brancha branch is an identifiable part ofthe pavement network that is a single entity and has a distinctfunction. For example, each roadway or parking area is aseparate
10、 branch.2.1.4 pavement condition index (PCI)a numerical ratingof the pavement condition that ranges from 0 to 100 with 0being the worst possible condition and 100 being the bestpossible condition.2.1.5 pavement condition ratinga verbal description ofpavement condition as a function of the PCI value
11、that variesfrom “failed” to “excellent” as shown in Fig. 1.2.1.6 pavement distressexternal indicators of pavementdeterioration caused by loading, environmental factors, con-struction deficiencies, or a combination thereof. Typical dis-tresses are cracks, rutting, and weathering of the pavementsurfac
12、e. Distress types and severity levels detailed in AppendixX1 forAC, and Appendix X2 for PCC pavements must be usedto obtain an accurate PCI value.2.1.7 pavement sample unita subdivision of a pavementsection that has a standard size range: 20 contiguous slabs (68slabs if the total number of slabs in
13、the section is not evenlydivided by 20 or to accommodate specific field condition) forPCC pavement, and 225 6 90 m2(2500 contiguous square feet6 1000 ft2), if the pavement is not evenly divided by 225 m2or 2500 ft to accommodate specific field condition, for ACpavement.2.1.8 pavement sectiona contig
14、uous pavement area hav-ing uniform construction, maintenance, usage history, andcondition. A section should have the same traffic volume andload intensity.2.1.9 portland cement concrete (PCC) pavementaggregate mixture with portland cement binder includingnonreinforced and reinforced jointed pavement
15、.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published January 2018. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition a
16、pproved in 2016 as D6433 16. DOI:10.1520/D6433-18.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed
17、 in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.1.10 random samplea s
18、ample unit of the pavementsection selected for inspection by random sampling techniques,such as a random number table or systematic random proce-dure.3. Summary of Practice3.1 The pavement is divided into branches that are dividedinto sections. Each section is divided into sample units. Thetype and
19、severity of pavement distress is assessed by visualinspection of the pavement sample units. The quantity of thedistress is measured as described in Appendix X1 andAppendix X2. The distress data are used to calculate the PCIfor each sample unit. The PCI of the pavement section isdetermined based on t
20、he PCI of the inspected sample unitswithin the section.4. Significance and Use4.1 The PCI is a numerical indicator that rates the surfacecondition of the pavement. The PCI provides a measure of thepresent condition of the pavement based on the distressobserved on the surface of the pavement, which a
21、lso indicatesthe structural integrity and surface operational condition (lo-calized roughness and safety). The PCI cannot measure struc-tural capacity, nor does it provide direct measurement of skidresistance or roughness. It provides an objective and rationalbasis for determining maintenance and re
22、pair needs andpriorities. Continuous monitoring of the PCI is used to estab-lish the rate of pavement deterioration, which permits earlyidentification of major rehabilitation needs. The PCI providesfeedback on pavement performance for validation or improve-ment of current pavement design and mainten
23、ance procedures.5. Apparatus5.1 Data Sheets, or other field recording instruments thatrecord at a minimum the following information: date, location,branch, section, sample unit size, slab number and size, distresstypes, severity levels, quantities, and names of surveyors.Example data sheets for AC a
24、nd PCC pavements are shown inFigs. 2 and 3.5.2 Hand Odometer Wheel, that reads to the nearest 30 mm(0.1 ft).5.3 Straightedge or String Line, (AC only), 3 m (10 ft).5.4 Scale, 300 mm (12 in.) that reads to 3 mm (18 in.) orbetter. Additional 300-mm (12-in.) ruler or straightedge isneeded to measure fa
25、ulting in PCC pavements.5.5 Layout Plan, for network to be inspected.6. Hazards6.1 Traffic is a hazard as inspectors may walk on thepavement to perform the condition survey.7. Sampling and Sample Units7.1 Identify branches of the pavement with different usessuch as roadways and parking on the networ
26、k layout plan.7.2 Divide each branch into sections based on the pave-ments design, construction history, traffic, and condition.7.3 Divide the pavement sections into sample units. If thepavement slabs in PCC have joint spacing greater than 8 m(25 ft), subdivide each slab into imaginary slabs. The im
27、agi-nary slabs all should be less than or equal to 8 m (25 ft) inlength, and the imaginary joints dividing the slabs are assumedto be in perfect condition. This is needed because the deductvalues developed for jointed concrete slabs are less than orequal to 8 m (25 ft).7.4 Individual sample units to
28、 be inspected should bemarked or identified in a manner to allow inspectors andquality control personnel to easily locate them on the pavementsurface. Paint marks along the edge and sketches with locationsconnected to physical pavement features are acceptable. It isnecessary to be able to accurately
29、 relocate the sample units toallow verification of current distress data, to examine changesin condition with time of a particular sample unit, and to enablefuture inspections of the same sample unit if desired.7.5 Select the sample units to be inspected. The number ofsample units to be inspected ma
30、y vary from the following: allof the sample units in the section, a number of sample units thatprovides a 95 % confidence level, or a lesser number.7.5.1 All sample units in the section may be inspected todetermine the average PCI of the section. This is usuallyprecluded for routine management purpo
31、ses by availablemanpower, funds, and time. Total sampling, however, isdesirable for project analysis to help estimate maintenance andrepair quantities.7.5.2 The minimum number of sample units (n) that must besurveyed within a given section to obtain a statisticallyFIG. 1 Pavement Condition Index (PC
32、I), Rating Scale, and Sug-gested ColorsD6433 182FIG.2FlexiblePavementConditionSurveyDataSheetforSampleUnitD6433 183adequate estimate (95 % confidence) of the PCI of the sectionis calculated using the following formula and rounding n to thenext highest whole number (see Eq 1):n 5 Ns2/e2/4!N 2 1!1s2!
33、(1)where:e = acceptable error in estimating the section PCI;commonly, e = 65 PCI points;s = standard deviation of the PCI from one sample unit toanother within the section. When performing the initialinspection, the standard deviation is assumed to be tenfor AC pavements and 15 for PCC pavements. Th
34、isassumption should be checked as described below afterPCI values are determined. For subsequent inspections,the standard deviation from the preceding inspectionshould be used to determine n; and,N = total number of sample units in the section.7.5.2.1 If obtaining the 95 % confidence level is critic
35、al, theadequacy of the number of sample units surveyed must beconfirmed. The number of sample units was estimated based onan assumed standard deviation. Calculate the actual standarddeviation(s) as follows (see Eq 2):s 5 (ni51PCIi2 PCIs!2/n 2 1!1/2(2)where:PCIi= PCI of surveyed sample units i,PCIs=
36、PCI of section (mean PCI of surveyed sample units),andn = total number of sample units surveyed.7.5.2.2 Calculate the revised minimum number of sampleunits (Eq 1) to be surveyed using the calculated standardFIG. 3 Joint Rigid Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample UnitD6433 184deviation (Eq
37、 2). If the revised number of sample units to besurveyed is greater than the number of sample units alreadysurveyed, select and survey additional random sample units.These sample units should be spaced evenly across the section.Repeat the process of checking the revised number of sampleunits and sur
38、veying additional random sample units until thetotal number of sample units surveyed equals or exceeds theminimum required sample units (n)inEq 1, using the actualtotal sample standard deviation.7.5.3 Once the number of sample units to be inspected hasbeen determined, compute the spacing interval of
39、 the unitsusing systematic random sampling. Samples are spaced equallythroughout the section with the first sample selected at random.The spacing interval (i) of the units to be sampled is calculatedby the following formula rounded to the next lowest wholenumber:i 5 N/n (3)where:N = total number of
40、sample units in the section, andn = number of sample units to be inspected.The first sample unit to be inspected is selected at randomfrom sample units 1 through i. The sample units within asection that are successive increments of the interval i after thefirst randomly selected unit also are inspec
41、ted.7.6 A lesser sampling rate than the above-mentioned 95 %confidence level can be used based on the condition surveyobjective. As an example, one agency uses the following tablefor selecting the number of sample units to be inspected forother than project analysis:Given Survey1 to 5 sample units 1
42、 sample unit6 to 10 sample units 2 sample units11 to 15 sample units 3 sample units16 to 40 sample units 4 sample unitsover 40 sample units 10 %7.7 Additional sample units only are to be inspected whennonrepresentative distresses are observed as defined in 2.1.1.These sample units are selected by th
43、e user.8. Inspection Procedure8.1 The definitions and guidelines for quantifying distressesfor PCI determination are given in Appendix X1 for ACpavements. Using this test method, inspectors should identifydistress types accurately 95 % of the time. Linear measure-ments should be considered accurate
44、when they are within10 % if remeasured, and area measurements should be consid-ered accurate when they are within 20 % if remeasured.Distress severities that one determines based on ride quality areconsidered subjective.8.2 Asphalt Concrete (AC) Surfaced PavementIndividually inspect each sample unit
45、 chosen. Sketch thesample unit, including orientation. Record the branch andsection number and the number and type of the sample unit(random or additional). Record the sample unit size measuredwith the hand odometer. Conduct the distress inspection bywalking over the sidewalk/shoulder of the sample
46、unit beingsurveyed, measuring the quantity of each severity level ofevery distress type present, and recording the data. Eachdistress must correspond in type and severity to that describedin Appendix X1. The method of measurement is included witheach distress description. Repeat this procedure for e
47、achsample unit to be inspected. A copy of a blank flexiblepavement condition survey data sheet for sample unit isincluded in Fig. 2.8.3 PCC PavementsIndividually inspect each sample unitchosen. Sketch the sample unit showing the location of theslabs. Record the sample unit size, branch and section n
48、umber,the number and type of the sample unit (random or additional),the number of slabs in the sample unit, and the slab sizemeasured with the hand odometer. Perform the inspection bywalking over the sidewalk/shoulder of the sample unit beingsurveyed and recording all distress existing in the slab a
49、longwith their severity level. Each distress type and severity mustcorrespond with that described in Appendix X2. Summarizethe distress types, their severity levels, and the number of slabsin the sample unit containing each type and severity level.Repeat this procedure for each sample unit to be inspected. Acopy of a blank jointed rigid pavement condition survey datasheet for sample unit is included in Fig. 3.9. Calculation of PCI for Asphalt Concrete (AC)Pavement9.1 Add up the total quantity of each distress type at eachseverity level, and record them in the “
