1、Designation: D6500 00 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Test Method forDiameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers Using an OpticalFiber Diameter Analyser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe terminology section was updated in July 2012.INTRODUCTIONInstruments based on image anal
3、ysis have been designed to reduce the level of operator skillrequired and to speed up the measurement process while concurrently maintaining acceptable levelsof precision and accuracy. An additional advantage of image analysis instruments is the ability of theoperator to see the measurement points a
4、nd to audit the process, if required, though this is not carriedout during routine measurement. As with projection microscope measurements, and the Sirolan-Laserscan, the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) system covered by this test method providesa count of readings grouped into diameter class
5、es. Because the fiber snippets are measuredautomatically by an optical and image processing system, controls are provided in the imageprocessing software to minimize the inclusion of multiple measurements on the same fiber and falsediameter readings that arise from non-fiber material.1. Scope1.1 Thi
6、s test method covers a procedure that uses an OpticalFiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) for the determination of theaverage fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wooland other animal fibers in their various forms.NOTE 1This test method may also be applied to other fibers having around cross
7、 section such as some polyamides, polyesters, and glass; it mayalso be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regeneratedcellulose-type fibers.NOTE 2In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”also signifies other animal fibers where applicable.NOTE 3For fineness specificatio
8、ns of wool, wool top, mohair, mohairtop, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991, D3992, D2252,and Test Method D2816, respectively.1.2 The OFDA reports average fiber diameter and standarddeviation of fiber diameter in micrometer units (m). Thecoefficient of variation of fiber diameter is
9、 reported as apercentage.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pri
10、or to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory ScaleD1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool FiberPresentD1776 Practice for Conditioning a
11、nd Testing TextilesD2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and OtherAnimal Fibers by MicroprojectionD2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of AlpacaD2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content inCashmereD3991 Specifications for Fineness of Wool or Mohair andAssignment of GradeD3992 Specifica
12、tions for Fineness of Wool Top or MohairTop and Assignment of GradeD4845 Terminology Relating to Wool2.2 Federal Standards:Official Standards of the United States for Grades ofWool, Section 31.031This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles, and is the direct responsi
13、bility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D650000. DOI:10.1520/D6500-00R12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Federal Register, Vol 30, No. 161, August 20, 1965, pp. 10829-10833.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
15、ohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Measurement Method for Determining Grade of Wool, Sec-tion 31.2043Official Standards of the United States for Grades of WoolTop, Section 31.14Measurement Method for Determining Grade of WoolTop, Section 31.3014USDA Grade Standards for Grease Mohair and MohairTop
16、52.3 IWTO Standards:6IWTO-8-66 Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diameterby the Projection MicroscopeIWTO-12-93 Measurement of the Mean and Distribution ofFibre Diameter Using a Sirolan-Laserscan Fibre DiameterAnalyserIWTO-19-98 Determination of Wool Base and VegetableMatter Base of Core Samples of R
17、aw WoolIWTO-47-98 Measurement of the Mean and Distribution ofFibre Diameter of Wool Using an Optical Fibre DiameterAnalyser (OFDA)3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.13, refer to Termi-nology D4845.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:average fiber diameter, grade
18、, in wool and mohair, snippet.3.1.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes procedures for samplingwool in various physical forms, the reduction of the sample tosmall test specimens, and measurement of the diamet
19、er of anumber of fibers from the test specimens using the OFDA.Snippets comprising a test specimen cut from the various formsof wool are cleaned where required, conditioned, and spreaduniformly over the surface of a microscope slide. A cover slideis placed over the specimen and the slide placed on a
20、microscope stage, that is moved under computer control. Theslide is stepped through the field of view of a low-powermicroscope objective. At each step, the video system isinstructed to capture and analyze a fiber image frame. Eachdiameter measurement is allocated to a diameter class and, atthe compl
21、etion of the slide, the class contents are statisticallyanalysed to produce the mean and standard deviation of thefiber diameter for the specimen. Full distribution data are alsoavailable in the form of a printed histogram.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method specifies sampling and testing pr
22、oce-dures for the measurement of average fiber diameter andvariation in diameter of animal fibers.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments of wool and otheranimal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimatesof between-laboratory preci
23、sion are acceptable. In cases ofdisagreement arising from differences in values reported bytwo or more laboratories when using this test method foracceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between thelaboratories should be determined with each comparison beingbased on the testing of specimen
24、s randomly drawn from onesample of material of the type being evaluated. Test MethodD2130 shall be used as a referee test method.5.3 This test method may be used for determining compli-ance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation toassign grades when determining conformance of shipments t
25、omaterial specifications given in Specifications D2252, D3991,and D3992, and Test Method D2816.5.4 The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter andstandard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this testmethod and in IWTO Method 47-98 are in essential agreement.6. Apparatus, Materials, and R
26、eagents6.1 Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser7, consisting of a trans-mission light microscope, fitted with a stage (motor-driven andcontrolled by a computer), stroboscopic illumination that issynchronised with the stage movement, and a CCD camera; animage acquisition and analysis hardware system; a me
27、ans forcontrolling the interaction between the camera, stage motorsand illumination unit; a data acquisition and processing com-puter, with optionally, control and reporting software; and, avideo monitor, capable of displaying each image frame in realtime, for audit purposes. See Fig. 1.6.2 Glass Mi
28、croscope Slides7, of float glass, sufficientlyrobust to withstand repeated handling having dimensions 70 by70 by 2 mm. Two identical slides are taped together so that onesupports the fiber samples with the other serving as a coverslide. Slides that are scratched on their inside surfaces areunsuitabl
29、e as they may lend to erroneous measurements.6.3 Cleaning and Conditioning Apparatus and Facilities,suitable for cleaning and drying the subsamples in accordancewith Test Method D584 and conditioning them as described inPractice D1776.6.4 Apparatus for Snippet Preparation, having either twoparallel
30、cutting edges between 1.8 and 2.0 mm apart (forexample, guillotine7,8or snippeter9; see Figs. 2 and 3), or acutting diameter of between 1.9 and 2.1 mm (for example,minicore7,10; see Fig. 4). A minicore consists of a cylindricalsample holder, designed for relatively large samples, in whicha sample is
31、 manually packed, then compressed, and a coringhead is driven pneumatically into the sample. The sample iscompacted by a spring-loaded platen. Six or more minicoretubes with 2-mm diameter tips pass through perforations in theplaten when the force supplied by the pneumatic cylinder4Federal Register,
32、Vol 33, No. 248, December 21, 1968, pp. 19073-19076.5Federal Register, Vol 36, No. 129, July 3, 1971, pp. 12681-12658.6Available from the International Wool Textile Organization, International WoolSecretariat, Commercial Development Department, Valley Drive, Ilkley, YorkshireLS29, 8PB, England, UK.7
33、Available from BSC Electronics Pty, Ltd., 1A Thurso Rd., Myaree, WesternAustralia, 6154.8Available from Symtech Systems and Technology, I-85 and Bryant Rd., POBox 2627, Spartanburg, SC 29304.9Available from CSIRO, Division of Wool Technology, PO Box 21, Belmont,VIC 3216, Australia.10Available from t
34、he South African Wool Testing Bureau, Gomery Ave.,Summerstrand, PO Box 1867, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.D6500 00 (2012)12exceeds the force from the preloaded spring. At the end of thestroke, the cutting tips have penetrated to within 0.5 mm of thebase of the sample holder. The sample collecte
35、d by theminicore tubes is automatically expelled into a collectiondevice upon retraction of the coring head.6.5 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device11, comprised of a metalplate with slot and compressing key and equipped with apropulsion mechanism by which the fiber bundle may beextruded for sectioning. The
36、 instrument is designed to hold asliver or top or equivalent bulk of fibers, yarn, or fabric (seeFig. 1 of Test Method D2130). Alternatively, this instrumentcan be used to generate the snippets.6.6 Safety Razor Blades, single-edge or double-edge (ifused with blade holder).6.7 Slide Preparer7capable
37、of uniformly spreading a por-tion of the cleaned, conditioned snippet sample over thesurface of a clean glass slide at a predetermined, controlled11Available from MICO Instruments, 1944 Main St., PO Box 451, MarshfieldHills, MA 02051-0451.FIG. 1 The Optical Fiber Diameter AnalyserFIG. 2 Guillotine a
38、nd SnippeterD6500 00 (2012)13density. For the OFDA, the optimum obscured areas, that is,the ratio of fiber to the total field area, is between 15 and 25 %.There are different versions of slide preparers (spreaders)available and it must be ensured that the same slide preparer isused for both calibrat
39、ion and routine OFDAmeasurements. SeeFig. 5.6.8 Box for Compressing Loose Fibers, 300 by 150 by 375mm deep, inside dimensions, equipped with a floating top thathas 16 randomly spaced holes 20 mm in diameter over its area.The sample may be firmly compressed by applying pressure onthe top. The top is
40、held in place by two rods extending throughholes in the side of the box and over the top. The coring tubeis thrust through the holes in the top to sample the wool.6.9 Pressure Coring Tube, 13-mm inside-diameter metaltube, approximately 760 mm long, reamed and tapped on oneend to hold a sharp 10 or 1
41、3-mm cutting tip. The tube is fittedwith a “T” cross bar about 500 mm long.6.10 Core Extruder, 6-mm wood dowel or aluminum rodslightly longer than the coring tube to push the sample fromtube.6.11 SolventsPetroleum spirit (boiling range 40 to 70C)and 1,1,1, trichloroethane. When the preparation metho
42、d callsfor the cleaning of sliver subsamples, one of these two solventsshall be used. WarningBoth solvents have associated haz-ards in terms of volatility, toxicity, and, in the case ofpetroleum spirit, flammability. In both cases, care should betaken in storage, handling, use, and disposal in accor
43、dance withthe appropriate safety procedures. Refer to manufacturersmaterial safety data sheets (MSDS).FIG. 3 GuillotineFIG. 4 Minicoring DeviceD6500 00 (2012)146.12 Calibration StandardsUsed for instrument calibra-tion. For wool, use current Interwoollabs IH Standard Tops12and for mohair, use curren
44、t International Mohair AssociationStandard Tops13.7. Sampling7.1 Loose FibersThe method of obtaining a representa-tive sample of wool differs according to circumstances. Thesampling procedures and major circumstances encountered areas follows:7.1.1 Lots of Packaged, Grease, Pulled, or Scoured WoolTa
45、ke core samples as directed in Practice D1060. Clean orscour the raw wool sample as directed in Test Method D584.Ifa representative portion of the scoured wool core sampleresulting from the test for clean wool fiber present is available,it may be used for fiber diameter determination. If coresamplin
46、g is not feasible, take at random, by hand, at least 50handfuls of wool from not less than 10 % of the packages. Theaggregate mass of the sample shall be at least 1.5 kg.7.1.2 Major SortFor packaged grease wool in fleece formfor which a diameter test is needed for only the major sort ofthe fleece, h
47、and sample by drawing one or more handfuls ofwool from the major sort portions of at least 50 fleeces takenat random from the lot. The aggregate mass of the sample shallbe at least 1.5 kg.12Available from Interwoollabs Secretariat, Boite 14 Rue de Luxembourg 19/21,1040 Brussels, Belgium.13Available
48、from International Mohair Association, Mohair House, 68 TheGrove, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, LS29 9PA, England, UK.FIG. 5 Slide SpreaderD6500 00 (2012)157.1.3 Piles of Graded or Sorted WoolSample piles ofgraded or sorted wool by taking from random locations in thepile at least 50 handfuls of wool, the
49、aggregate mass of whichshall be at least 1.5 kg. If the wool is in fleece form and a testis needed for only the major sort, take the sample as directed in7.1.2.7.1.4 Card SliverSample the wool card sliver by drawing10 600-mm lengths at random from the lot, preferably duringthe carding operation.7.1.5 TopSample the top by drawing from each 9000 kgor fraction thereof, 4 sections of sliver, each of which shall beat least1minlength and taken from different balls of topselected at random. Take only one ball from any one bale orcarton. For broken top, take an e
