1、Designation: D6523 00 (Reapproved 2014)1Standard Guide forEvaluation and Selection of Alternative Daily Covers (ADCs)for Sanitary Landfills1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits statement was inserted in Section 1.4 editorially in January 2014.1. Scope1.1 This guide is
3、 intended to assist specifiers and end usersin assessing the different options available for sanitary landfilldaily cover materials described as alternative (non-soil) dailycovers (ADCs). Traditional daily cover consists of at least 6 in.(15 cm) of soil spread over the working faces of sanitarylandf
4、ills. Alternative systems are attractive to landfill opera-tions in order to conserve landfill disposal space, among otherreasons.1.2 This guide assists in understanding different perfor-mance features of broad classifications of ADCs, and deter-mining the extent and degree to which different ADCs a
5、re ableto “control disease vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, andscavenging, without presenting a threat to human health andthe environment,” as intended by United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (USEPA) regulations.1.3 This guide is not intended to provide cost informationregarding the va
6、rious ADCs as a standard guide, it does notdictate a protocol for the practice and testing of ADCs, butrather provides valuable information, guidance, and recom-mendations to interested parties concerning the many optionsavailable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standa
7、rd. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4.1 ExceptionMetric units are used in 6.2.9.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4982 Test Methods for Flammability Potential ScreeningAnalysis
8、 of WasteE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterials2.2 Other Standards3Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria, USEPA, TechnicalManual EPA 530-R-93-017, Cover MaterialRequirements, 40 CFR 258 21, Nov 1993“The Use of Alternative Materials for Daily Cover atMunicipal Solid Waste Lan
9、dfills” EPA 600/R-93/172 PB92-227197 July 1993Alternative Daily Cover Regulations, California Environ-mental Protection Agency, Title 27, Division 2, Subdivi-sion 1, Chapter 3, Subchapter 4, Article 2, Section 20680CIWMB Daily Cover and Section 20690 CIWMB Alter-native Daily Cover3. Terminology3.1 a
10、lternative daily cover, nan alternative to the tradi-tional 6-in. (15-cm) soil cover required by the USEPA forlandfill working faces to “control disease vectors, fires, odors,blowing litter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat tohuman health and the environment.”3.2 foam, na synthetic materi
11、al sprayed and combinedwith air to form closed-cell air pockets.3.3 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system.3.4 indigenous, adjn
12、ative to a particular region.3.5 leachate, ncontaminated water resulting from thecombination of waste with precipitation.3.6 nonreusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or filmintended to be placed once and then disposed of, discarded, orleft in place.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Comm
13、ittee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltrationCurrent edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D652300(2009).DOI: 10.1520/D6523-00R14E01.2For reference
14、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents
15、,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.7 reusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or membranematerial intended to be retrieved and insta
16、lled more than onceto perform the cover function.3.8 sanitary landfill, na regulated disposal site for thedeposition of commercial and household wastes.3.9 working face, nthe area of a landfill in which waste isactively being deposited.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information which
17、 the regulator/permit officials, engineers, waste disposal operators, and otherswill find helpful to (1) understand and distinguish between themany choices available; (2) understand the performance fea-ture considerations for living up to EPA regulations for landfilldaily covers, and (3) understand
18、the various requirements anddifferences for putting these covers into practice at landfills.5. Classifications of ADCs5.1 FoamsFoam ADCs are applied to the working face ofsanitary landfills using foam generation and application equip-ment specifically designed for that particular foam. Bothhardening
19、 and non-hardening foams are currently available.These foam layers are effectively broken-up by the placementof additional wastes on the next operating day, and thereforedoes not interfere with fluid movement.5.2 Spray-On SlurriesMost slurries are paper-based. Thepaper-based slurry ADCs are applied
20、to the working face ofsanitary landfills using standard hydro-seeding equipment.Certain types of slurries may require some modification of thehydro-seeding equipment. The slurries are allowed to harden toform a crust or shell over the working face. This covering isalso broken-up by the placement of
21、additional wastes on thenext operating day.5.3 Geosynthetics:5.3.1 ReusableReusable geosynthetic ADCs consist ofvarious types of fabric or plastic membranes that have eitherbeen developed or adapted for use as a daily cover material.Panels fabricated from these materials are placed over theworking f
22、ace at the end of the day, and retrieved prior to thestart of the next operating day. Some landfills use specialmechanized equipment to facilitate the placement and retrievalof panels.5.3.2 NonreusableNonreusable geosynthetic ADCs con-sist of less durable disposable films or fabrics, intended to bel
23、eft in place without retrieval. Special equipment also exists tofacilitate the placement and anchoring of these materials tocover the working face of landfills. The cover may containpro-degradant additives to accelerate degradation within thewaste to cease the interception of fluids.5.4 Indigenous M
24、aterialsIndigenous ADCs consist ofvarious types of locally available waste products for disposal(for example, sludges, ash, shredded tires, shredded greenwaste, pulverized construction and demolition debris, automo-bile recycling fluff, foundry sand, and so forth) placed onto theworking face of land
25、fills in a manner similar to soil cover. Theyoften require physical or chemical modification for consistencyand workability, and evaluation for the presence of potentiallyhazardous constituents. Processed indigenous materials such astreated sludges and asphalt-stabilized soils are available frommanu
26、facturers who are able to provide such products withconsistent properties. Manufacturers should have the necessarysupporting data available for review. Unprocessed ADCs canvary significantly with respect to physical and chemical char-acteristics and composition, depending on the particularsource. In
27、 addition, suitability and acceptability are dependenton site-specific climatic and operational conditions and regu-latory requirements. Because of the wide variety of processedand unprocessed indigenous materials, only key factors andconsiderations related to the use and performance of thesemateria
28、ls can hereby be presented.6. Features and Considerations (see Table 1)6.1 SummarySee discussion for clarification.6.2 Discussion:6.2.1 Methods of Application:6.2.1.1 Manifold-equipped units apply foam as equipmenttraverses the working face. Self-propelled units with manifoldapplicator applies foam
29、as the unit backs down the workingface. Handheld hose-equipped units apply foam as the crewwalks next to or across the working face, or both.6.2.1.2 Most slurries use truck-mounted or trailer-mountedstandard hydro-seeding equipment with little or no modifica-tion. It is applied through the spray tow
30、er located on theplatform of the hydro-seeding equipment using appropriatenozzles. The use of a hand-held hose may be suitable forcertain applications. In at least one case, a specially designedstorage unit and mobile applicator is required by the manufac-turer. Care must be taken to avoid skimping
31、on the thickness ofapplication.6.2.1.3 At some sites, ancillary equipment (for example,tow bar, lifting bar, reel, or rollers) are used to facilitateplacement of geosynthetic panels (both reusable and nonreus-able) and reduce wear and tear. Tires, sandbags, or ballast soilare placed along the edges
32、to anchor the panels.6.2.1.4 The preparation of the working face prior to place-ment of a geosynthetic panel and the care taken in placementof the panel can have a significant impact on the effective lifeof a panel. Consequently, operators should ensure that theworking face is properly compacted to
33、provide a smoothsurface, and that protruding objects which could damagepanels are eliminated. In addition, during placement of panels,measures should be taken to prevent unnecessary stress on thematerial and minimize snagging while dragging the panelacross the working face.6.2.1.5 Most indigenous ma
34、terials may be spread and com-pacted in the same manner as traditional sands and gravels.Dozers and front-end loaders are usually used to spread thematerial. Compaction can be accomplished with single-drumrollers, dozer tracks, or loader tires, or combination thereof.6.2.2 Post-Application Requireme
35、nts:6.2.2.1 When equipment is used to apply ADCs there isclean-up and maintenance. Cleanup often takes place by hosingwith water or compressed air, or both.D6523 00 (2014)126.2.2.2 Many ADCs have no other post-application require-ments but are simply broken up by the placement of wastes onsubsequent
36、 days.6.2.2.3 Reusable geosynthetic panels are normally removedfrom the working face prior to the start of the next operatingday. Hence, the necessary personnel and equipment have to beTABLE 1 Features and Considerations (see Section 6)Feature/Consideration Foams Spray-on Slurries Reusable Geosynthe
37、tics Nonreusable Geosynthetics Indigenous MaterialsMethods of Application Self propelled or towedequipment with manifolddistribution, or truckmounted with handheldhose.Truck mounted or trailermounted hydro-seedingequipment w/spray towerand nozzle.Manually, towed withcompactors, or spreadw/specialty
38、wide paneldeployment equipment.Manually, or spreadw/specialty unwinderattached to dozer/compactor and placingballast soil to anchor.Most often spread withdozers as with traditionallydaily cover. Varied.Post-ApplicationRequirementsa) Equipment Clean-up/MaintenanceHigh Low Low if placedw/equipmentLow
39、if placedw/equipmentLowb) Remove Cover? No No Yes No NoApplication in DifferentClimatesa) RainSome not recommendedfor use during rain.Others can withstanddrizzle/light rainfall orlight to moderate rainfall.Can apply in light rain.Once cured, canwithstand moderate toheavy rainfall.Some have no constr
40、aintswhile others can absorbwater, increasing panelweight.Rain tends to help anchorcover.Generally OK, but sludgeand mulch are unsuitablyapplied in rain due toexcessive run-off.b) Wind Can apply in 20 to 40mph winds. Adheres toworking face.Can generally apply inwinds up to 45 mph.Depends on ballastm
41、echanism. High windscan pick and destroy.Increase ballast material.Small panels, disposablenature reduce impact ofwind damage.Most forms OK but yardwaste and auto fluff areexcessively effected.c) Freezing Temp/Snow Can apply under freezingconditions, but equipmentmust be protected. Someequipment has
42、 freezeprotection system.Can apply in freezingtemperatures or snow.Some have no constraints.In others, if moisture hasbeen absorbed, panelscan freeze, making theirplacement and retrievalmore difficult.Shift to different ballastmaterial w/no moisturecontent (for example,crushed glass instead ofsand).
43、Generally no Constraints.Sludge and mulch havesome difficulty in snow.d) Hot Weather No constraints No constraints No constraints No constraints Dust generation in manycases (that is,unprocessed materials).Disease Vector Control?(Access by insects,vermin, pathogencontact.)Discourages insects andbird
44、s from landing;rodents from digging.If proper thickness,discourages insects andbirds from landing;rodents from digging.Can completely coverwaste so as not to attract;Careful for pathogens inhuman rehandling.Can completely coverwaste so as not to attract.Must be applied atsufficient thickness.Fire Co
45、ntrola) Combustible?a) Most no, some yes. a) Some no, some yes.Materials should betested per Test MethodsD4982.a) Yes a) Yes a) Some yes, others no.b) Barrier to air/gasmovement?Low Medium High High Low to HighOdor and Air EmissionControl?Uniform coverage is key. Uniform coverage of suffi-cient thic
46、kness is key.Material can be testedby Test MethodsE96/E96M permeation.Trap odors and otheremissions while in place;release odors and otheremissions when removed;can be tested by TestMethods E96/E96Mpermeation.Trap odors and otheremissions; can be testedby Test MethodsE96/E96M permeation.Dependent on
47、 thickness ofapplication and compac-tion. Dredged materialscan themselves be odor-ous.Dust Control? Yes Yes Yes Yes Many unprocessedmaterials generate dust.Blowing Litter Control? Yes Yes Yes Yes Auto fluff among othersunprocessed materials cangenerate litter.Water Infiltration Control(sheds rainwat
48、er)Certain foams can shedwater during moderaterains, once cured.Hardening slurries shedwater.Shed rainwater very effec-tively when in place;allows infiltration whenremoved.Shed rainwater effectivelyfor several layers of cover.Many processed materialscan shed water once com-pacted. Others are tooperm
49、eable to shed muchwater.D6523 00 (2014)13available, and sufficient time allowed, for this activity to beperformed prior to the arrival and disposal of waste at theworking face. This may require modification of the workschedule for site personnel. Furthermore, depending on theseason of the year and operating hours at the site, panelretrieval may have to be performed while it is still dark,requiring extra precaution against accidents or injury.6.2.2.4 Retrieval of geosynthetic panels is accomplished byreversal of the procedures used to place them. Anchoringmater
