1、Designation: D7602 11Standard Practice forInstallation of Vulcanized Rubber Linings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7602; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the techniques used to install rubberlining sheet stock in metal tanks, pipes, and other components.Installation requirements
3、, procedures, inspection instructions,and storage conditions for the lined tanks or equipment areoutlined.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not
4、 considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior t
5、o use. This standard mayinvolve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D429 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toRigid SubstratesD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-pressed
6、 AirD4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of SurfaceProfile of Blast Cleaned SteelD4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesD5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Non-conductive Protective Coating on Metallic SubstratesE1216 Prac
7、tice for Sampling for Particulate Contaminationby Tape Lift2.2 International Organization for Standardization:3ISO 8502-3 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before Applica-tion of Paints and Related ProductsTests for the Assess-ment of Surface CleanlinessPart 3: Assessment of Duston Steel Surfaces Prep
8、ared for Painting (Pressure-Sensitive Tape Method)2.3 NACE Standards:4SP0178 Standard Recommended PracticeFabrication De-tails, Surface Finish Requirements and Proper DesignConsiderations for Tanks and Vessels to be Lined forImmersion ServiceSP0188 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New ProtectiveCo
9、atings2.4 SSPC Standards:5SSPC-Technology Guide 15 Field Methods for Retrievaland Analysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other Nonpo-rous SubstratesSSPC-SP 1 Solvent CleaningSSPC-SP 2 Hand Tool CleaningSSPC-SP 3 Power Tool CleaningSSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast CleaningSSPC-VIS 1 Guide and R
10、eference Photographs for SteelSurfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions for use with this standard areshown in Terminology D4538 or other applicable standards.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 autoclave, na pressure vessel used fo
11、r the curing orvulcanization of rubber parts by means of steam under pres-sure.3.2.2 blister, nan isolated convex deformation arisingfrom the detachment of one or more layers of lining material.3.2.3 bond failure, na separation of two adjoining sur-faces.3.2.4 calender, na machine equipped with two
12、or moreheavy, internally heated or cooled rolls, that is used forcontinuous sheeting or plying-up of rubber compounds.3.2.5 calender blister, ntrapped air between calenderplies of a multi-ply rubber buildup.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 on ProtectiveCoating and Linin
13、g Work for Power Generation Facilities and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D33.09 on Protective Lining for FGD Systems.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. DOI: 10.1520/D760211.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM C
14、ustomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from NACE
15、 International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston,TX 77084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.5Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor,Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http:/www.sspc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 chemical cure, na rubber lining system which cancure at low temperatures by topically applying a liquid curingagent.3.2.7 cutting table, na table used for laying out, cuttingand cementing rubber sheets prior to application to the com-ponent to be lined; often, the ta
17、ble is heated when used.3.2.8 closed skive, na reverse-angle cut along the edge ofa rubber panel that enables the installer to stitch down the cutedge so that the bottom layer of rubber or tie gum is protectedfrom exposure to the commodity contained within the tank orpipe.3.2.9 defect, na condition
18、that prevents the lining fromserving its function.3.2.10 down skive, nsee closed skive.3.2.11 durometer, nan instrument used for measuring thehardness of rubber and plastics; the “A” durometer scale isused for flexible materials and the “D” for rigid materials.3.2.12 durometer hardness, na value tha
19、t indicates theindentation or resistance to indentation of the indicator point ofa durometer; higher values indicate harder materials.3.2.13 face stock, nthe commodity-contacting stock in amulti-component lining.3.2.14 freshening, vsolvent washing of a rubber surface toprovide tack.3.2.15 hard rubbe
20、r, na material made by the vulcaniza-tion of rubber with high levels of sulfur, where the higherhardness is due to the sulfur content.3.2.16 liner cloth, na separator, usually of cloth, plasticfilm, or paper, used to prevent adjacent layers of material fromsticking together.3.2.17 muslin, na broad t
21、erm describing a wide variety ofplain-weave cotton or polyester/cotton fabrics ranging fromlightweight sheers to heavier sheeting; quite frequently used asa liner in rolling up cemented rubber lining panels.3.2.18 open skive, na cut made on an angle to the surfaceproducing a tapered or feathered edg
22、e with the bottom layer ofrubber or tie gum exposed to the commodity contained withinthe tank or pipe.3.2.19 overlay, na layer of uncured stock applied touncured sheet stock to achieve at least the minimum thicknessspecified.3.2.19.1 DiscussionIf properly performed, a non-rubberadhesive will not be
23、required. After vulcanization, the area sotreated is homogeneous and should be considered identical toa lap joint or seam, not a patch or repair.3.2.20 patch or repair, n or vthe remedy to a defect thatis done after vulcanization necessitating application of uncuredsheet stock to fully cured or vulc
24、anized stock.3.2.21 primer, na coating applied to the surface of amaterial, prior to the application of an adhesive; sometimesconsidered as a part of the adhesive system.3.2.22 semi-hard rubber, na term used for hard rubberwhich when fully cured is flexible and can be bent withoutshattering.3.2.23 s
25、kive, na cut made on an angle to the surfaceproducing a tapered or feathered edge.3.2.24 soft rubber, na term used for rubber with ahardness after cure of 70 durometer “A” scale, or less.3.2.25 stitch, vthe act of joining two pieces of uncuredrubber compound together by means of a stitching roller,
26、whichis a handheld tool comprised of a wheel with a narrow edgethat is often serrated.3.2.26 surface imperfection, na condition on the surfaceof sheet stock that, although presenting an appearance otherthan smooth, is not detrimental to the serviceability of thelining.3.2.27 tack cement, na formulat
27、ed rubber/cement mixturewhich can be rolled or brushed on surfaces which will hold therubber panel in place until cure takes place; normally consid-ered a part of the adhesive system.3.2.28 tie gum, nan intermediate layer of rubber em-ployed to promote bonding of two surfaces; usually a softrubber c
28、ompound.3.2.29 wrinkle, nitisa(1) surface imperfection if is hasno effect on the serviceability of the lining because the fullthickness and integrity of the material under the surfaceimperfection is unaffected or (2) defect if it violates thethickness tolerance specified or the integrity of the shee
29、t andshall be appropriately addressed with an overlay if it isidentified before cure or removal and repair if it is identifiedafter cure.4. Significance and Use4.1 The storage of corrosive or abrasive solutions or sus-pensions requires that the metal surface of storage tanks, largepipes, or holding
30、vessels be lined with a material that resistssuch action. Vulcanized rubber that is securely adhered to thetank or other metal surface imparts such resistance. An integralpart of the installation of such linings is the vulcanizationoperation that produces proper mechanical strength, chemicalresistan
31、ce, and sufficient rubber-to-metal adhesion.4.2 Service conditions will dictate what type of rubber isused. Also, the service conditions will determine the properthickness of the rubber and the particular compound orcompounds used in a lining. For example: temperatures over140F (60C) typically requi
32、re a thickness of14 in. (6.35 mm).Some service conditions that have a solution composed ofseveral chemicals may require different layers of rubbercompounds. Within these layers, the hardness or durometer ofthe rubber may be changed as well to provide the longestservice life of the rubber lining. Con
33、sult with the rubber liningmanufacturer when selecting the rubber lining system andpreparing application specifications and procedures.5. Chemical Resistance of Rubber Sheet Linings5.1 Rubber linings have excellent resistance to variouschemicals (acids and bases) as well as provide superiorabrasion
34、resistance. Each manufacturer has rubber linings thatare compounded for specific service conditions. For example,a typically soft natural rubber could be specified for a low-temperature solution; however, as the temperatures increase,the hardness of the rubber must increase to provide the sameresist
35、ance to permeation. Also, various types of rubber havespecific resistance to different chemicals. Linings can also bemade with several combinations or layers of different rubberD7602 112compounds to provide multiple levels of chemical and tem-perature resistance. Even various colors can be provided
36、whennecessary.5.2 The types of rubber sheet linings can be listed in fourcategories:5.2.1 Soft Rubber (Natural Rubber (NR) or Isoprene Rubber(IR)One homogeneous layer.5.2.2 Two-Layer ConstructionSemi-hard, hard, or flexiblehard rubber face with a soft cushion layer of rubber (tie gum).5.2.3 Three-La
37、yer ConstructionSoft face, semi-hard rub-ber, and soft cushion (tie gum).NOTE 1Each layer usually consists of 0.02- to 0.03-in. (0.5- to0.8-mm) plies calendered together to produce the specified thickness.5.2.4 Synthetic RubbersIncluding but not limited to neo-prene (polychloroprene) (CR), butyl (is
38、obutylene-isoprene)(IIR), chlorobutyl (chloro-isobutylene-isoprene) (CIIR), bro-mobutyl (bromo-isobutylene-isoprene) (BIIR), ethylene pro-pylene diene (EPDM), hypalon (chlorosulfonated-polyethylene) (CSPE), and so forth.5.3 Rubber sheet linings resist many chemicals and areconsidered suitable for th
39、e following, subject to temperatureand concentration limitations:5.3.1 Most inorganic acids including, but not limited to,hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrofluoric, and hydro-fluosilicic;5.3.2 Many organic acids including, but not limited to,acetic, tannic, and gallic;5.3.3 Inorganic salt sol
40、utions including, but not limited to,ferric chloride, zinc chloride, tin chloride, sodium cyanide, andferrous sulfate;5.3.4 Inorganic bases including, but not limited to, sodiumhydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide;5.3.5 Plating solutions including, but not limited to, nickel,brass,
41、tin, zinc, silver, and cadmium; and5.3.6 Bleach solutions including, but not limited to, sodiumhypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorine.5.4 The type of rubber sheet lining to be used for a specifiedchemical service should be recommended by the rubber liningmanufacturer based on their laborat
42、ory tests and individual pastexperience. Past experience is very important and, in manycases, cannot be confirmed by short-term laboratory tests.5.5 A complete specification of service conditions is veryimportant in the selection of a rubber sheet lining. Thefollowing information should be included:
43、5.5.1 Size, shape, and dimensions of tank or equipment tobe lined (drawings if possible);5.5.2 Dimensions, wall thickness, and type of flanges orcouplings for the pipe systems;5.5.3 Chemical concentrations of all ingredients, includingdefoamers, additives, or impurities in the solution to behandled;
44、NOTE 2It is important that all ingredients be listed, no matter howsmall their concentration, as certain materials may not remain totally insolution. They may concentrate on the bottom, the top (liquid vaporinterface), or volatilize in the vapor phase above the liquid level.5.5.4 Maximum, minimum, a
45、nd operating temperatures andtime cycle for temperature fluctuations;5.5.5 Percent abrasive solids, type of solid, particle size, andvelocity;5.5.6 Indoor or outdoor installation;5.5.7 Operating pressure or vacuum; and5.5.8 Special requirements or conditions not covered in thefactors in 5.5.1-5.5.7.
46、NOTE 3To assure that the best possible lining system is specified,provide the rubber lining manufacturer with all the information requestedin 5.5.1-5.5.8.5.6 When concentrations are low, from 0 to 5 %, it is oftenpreferable to use hard or semi-hard rubber linings, especially athigher temperatures 15
47、0 to 185F (65 to 85C), because oftheir superior water resistance when compared with softrubber.5.7 Soft rubber linings are normally considered suitable upto 130F (55C) and semi-hard, hard, or synthetic rubberlinings up to 185F (85C). At elevated temperatures, thechemical effect on the lining is acce
48、lerated and the effects ofoxidation and diffusion are more rapid, so that the overall lifeof the lining will be shorter than it would be at roomtemperature.5.8 There have been many economical applications oflinings for chemical service in the range of temperatures from185 to 300F (85 to 150C). No po
49、tential application should berejected because of service temperature but should be referredto the protective linings manufacturer.NOTE 4Generally, rubber has limited resistance to elevated tempera-tures. To take full advantage of rubbers good chemical resistance, tanksand vessels can be designed to use a refractory material, such as brick, toprotect the rubber from the operating environment. The type and thicknessof the refractory is selected so that sufficient DT is achieved across therefractory to ensure the rubber wont e
