1、Designation: D7862 15Standard Specification forButanol for Blending with Gasoline for Use as AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers butanol intended to be blendedwith gasoline at 1 to 12.5 volume % for use
3、 as an automotivespark-ignition engine fuel.1.1.1 Butanol contains 22 mass % oxygen. The mass % ofoxygen of a butanol blend with gasoline depends on thevolume % of butanol blended, the density of the butanol isomerand the density of the base blendstock.1.1.2 The maximum limit on blending is not a pe
4、rformancelimit but a current regulatory limit in the United States.1.2 This specification covers three butanol isomers:1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol. This specifica-tion specifically excludes 2-methyl-2-propanol (that is, tert-butyl alcohol).1.2.1 Tert-butyl alcohol has different phy
5、sical properties(melting point, water miscibility) than the other three isomers.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
6、 its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD1298 T
7、est Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Pro
8、ducts byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manua
9、l Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4814 Specificatio
10、n for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD629
11、9 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol andButanol by Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromat
12、og-raphyD7875 Test Method for Determination of Butanol and Ac-etone Content of Butanol for Blending with Gasoline byGas ChromatographyE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE30
13、0 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.
14、A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7862 13. DOI:10.1520/D7862-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
16、9. United States13. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.NOTE 1The user is advised that the definitions used by variousindustries, marketers, and regulatory bodies can differ from those specificto this specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that t
17、heterms used in a particular context are clearly understood.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquidhydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts ofadditives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internalcombustion engines. D48143.2.2 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing
18、, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used asa fuel or fuel supplement. D48143.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 butanol, nbutanol or butyl alcohol refers to1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl 1-propanol, three isomericalcohols with the molecular f
19、ormula C4H9OH, either individu-ally or as mixtures.4. Performance Requirements4.1 ButanolButanol shall conform to the requirementsshown in Table 1 at the time of blending with a gasoline. (SeeNote 2.)NOTE 2Commercial processes used to manufacture butanol frombiological feedstock typically yield some
20、 fusel oil or alcohols such aspentanol and other higher alcohols.4.1.1 For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecification limits, an observed value or a calculated valueshall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-mostsignificant digit used in expressing the specification limit,
21、inaccordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For aspecification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero issignificant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specifiedlimit expressed as an integer, and the right-most digit isnon-zero, the right-most digit is significant withou
22、t a decimalpoint being specified. This convention applies to specifiedlimits in Table 1 and will not be observed in the remainder ofthis specification.4.2 Other PropertiesLimits more restrictive than thosespecified above, or the specification of additional propertiessuch as color, may be agreed upon
23、 between the supplier and thepurchaser.5. Workmanship5.1 The butanol shall be visually free of sediment andsuspended matter. It shall be clear and bright at the ambienttemperature or 21C, whichever is higher.5.2 The product shall be free of any adulterant or contami-nant that can render the material
24、 unacceptable for its com-monly used applications.5.2.1 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoidbutanol contaminated by silicon-containing materials. Siliconcontamination of gasoline-oxygenate blends has led to fouledvehicle components (for example, spark plugs, exhaust oxygensensors, cata
25、lytic converters) requiring parts replacement andrepairs.5.2.2 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoidbutanol contaminated by acetone. Acetone contamination ofgasoline-oxygenate blends can degrade elastomers used in fuelsystem components as well as paint and/or clearcoat finishesused on v
26、ehicles.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The user is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling to understand the importance andeffects of sampling technique, proper containers, and specialhandling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedure
27、s are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D4057 or Practice E300 formanual method sampling and in Practice D4177 for automaticmethod sampling, as applicable.6.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselection
28、are important decisions that can impact test results.Refer to Practice D4306 for aviation fuel container selectionfor tests sensitive to trace contamination. Refer to PracticeD5854 for procedures on container selection and samplemixing and handling. All sampling and storage containersshould be evalu
29、ated for durability and contamination of buta-nol prior to use. Butanol may be sampled in glass containers;however sodium leaching from glass containers has beenshown to interfere with sulfate analysis. HDPE (high densitypolyethylene) containers may be used in place of glass to avoidsodium leaching.
30、 If samples must be collected in metalcontainers, do not use soldered metal containers. Soldering fluxin the containers and lead in the solder can contaminate thesample.TABLE 1 RequirementsProperty Limit MethodButanol, volume %, min 96.0 D78751-butanol, volume % Report D78752-butanol, volume % Repor
31、t D78752-methyl 1-propanol, volume % Report D7875Methanol, volume % max 0.4 D7875Water content, volume %, max 1.0 E203 or E1064Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH), mass % (mg/L), max 0.007 (56) D1613Inorganic Chloride, mg/kg (mg/L), max 8 (6) D7319Solvent-washed gum, mg/100 mL, max 5.0 D381Sulfur, mg/k
32、g, max 30. D2622, D5453Existent sulfate, mg/kg, max 4. D7319D7862 1526.4 Sample SizeA minimum of about 1 L or 1 U.S. qt isrecommended.6.5 Lot SizeA lot shall normally consist of the amountcontained in a tanker compartment or other bulk container inwhich it is delivered. If this definition does not a
33、pply, thedefinition of a lot shall be agreed upon between the supplierand purchaser.NOTE 3See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significance, Safety, andStatistical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E300 for a detaileddiscussion of the statistics of sampling.7. Test Methods7.1 The scope of some of the
34、 test methods listed below donot include butanol. The precisions of those test methods candiffer from the reported precisions when testing butanol.7.2 Water ContentTest Methods E203 or E1064.7.3 Solvent-Washed Gum ContentTest Method D381, airjet apparatus.7.4 AcidityTest Method D1613.7.5 Sulfur Cont
35、entIn the United States, US EPA allowsTest Methods D3120 or D5453 for measuring sulfur in gasolineas long as these alternative test method results are correlated tothe US EPA designated Test Method D2622 when determiningcompliance with US Federal EPA sulfur standards.7.6 Inorganic ChlorideTest Metho
36、d D7319.7.7 Butanol (1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol)Test Method D7875.7.8 MethanolTest Method D7875.7.9 Total SulfateTest Method D7319.8. Keywords8.1 acidity; automotive spark-ignition engine fuel; basegasoline; bio-butanol; butanol; chloride ion content; corrosioninhibitors; fuel; gasoli
37、ne; gasoline-butanol blend; impurities;oxygenate; solvent-washed gum; sulfate ion content; sulfurcontent; water contentAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIED PROPERTIESX1.1 ButanolX1.1.1 Water ContentKarl Fischer analysis is generallythe only consistently reliable procedure
38、for the determinationof water in butanol. Test Method E203 describes the modifi-cations required to run the test in the presence of alcohols.Blends of butanol and gasoline have a limited solvency forwater. This solvency will vary with the butanol content, thetemperature of the blend, and the aromati
39、c content of the basegasoline. Because some degree of water contamination ispractically unavoidable in transport and handling, the watercontent of the butanol should be limited to reduce the risk ofphase separation.X1.1.2 Solvent-Washed Gum Content:X1.1.2.1 The test for solvent-washed gum content me
40、asuresthe amount of residue after evaporation of the fuel andfollowing a heptane wash. The heptane wash removes theheptane-soluble, nonvolatile material such as additives, carrieroils used with additives, and diesel fuel. Solvent-washed gumconsists of fuel-insoluble gum and fuel-soluble gum. Thefuel
41、-insoluble portion can clog fuel filters. Both can bedeposited on surfaces when the fuel evaporates.X1.1.2.2 Solvent-washed gum can contribute to deposits onthe surfaces of carburetors, fuel injectors, and intakemanifolds, ports, valves, and valve guides. The impact ofsolvent washed gum from pure al
42、cohols such as ethanol orbutanol on malfunctions of modern engines is not known. Thetest method is used essentially to detect the presence of highboiling, heptane insoluble impurities.X1.1.2.3 Because the precision statements for Test MethodD381 were developed using only data on hydrocarbons, theyma
43、y not be applicable to butanol.X1.1.3 AcidityVery dilute aqueous solutions of low mo-lecular weight organic acids such as acetic (CH3COOH) arehighly corrosive to many metals. It is therefore necessary tokeep such acids at a very low concentration.X1.1.4 AppearanceTurbidity or evidence of precipitati
44、onnormally indicates major contamination.X1.1.5 Butanol PurityThe presence of even small quan-tities of some organic oxygen compounds other than butanolcan adversely affect the properties of butanol-gasoline blends.X1.1.6 Sulfate ContentThe presence of small amounts ofinorganic sulfates in butanol o
45、r denatured ethanol under theright conditions can contribute to turbine meter deposits andthe premature plugging of fuel dispensing pump filters in thefuel distribution system. The sulfates also have been shown tocause fuel injector sticking resulting in engine misfiring andpoor drivability in autom
46、obiles.X1.1.6.1 Because the precision statements for sulfate con-tent were developed using only data on ethanol, they may notbe applicable to butanol.X1.1.7 Sulfur ContentThe U.S. Federal Tier 2 MotorVehicle and Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur ControlRequirements establish sulfur standards f
47、or U.S. refineries andimporters producing reformulated gasoline, ReformulatedD7862 153Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (RBOB), and conven-tional gasoline. EPA has established gasoline sulfur controls tosupport vehicle emission standards. Sulfur contaminates thecatalytic converter necessary for redu
48、cing emissions of HC,CO, and NOx.X1.2 Comparison of Butanol isomers (Reagent Grade)X1.2.1 See Table X1.1.SUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.A0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D7862 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1,
49、2015.)(1) Added Test Method D7875 to Referenced Documents.(2) Deleted former Annex A1 and replaced all references toAnnex A1 with references to Test Method D7875.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the respons
