1、Designation: E 88 91 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forSampling Nonferrous Metals and Alloys in Cast Form forDetermination of Chemical Composition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.
3、1 This practice covers the sampling, for the determinationof chemical composition (Note 1) of nonferrous metals andalloys in cast form for remelting or mechanical working.1.1.1 Refer to Practice E 255 for copper and copper alloys.NOTE 1The selection of correct portions of material and the prepa-rati
4、on of a representative sample from such portions are necessaryprerequisites to every analysis, the analysis being of no value unless thesample actually represents the average composition of the material fromwhich it was selected.1.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and themanufacturer, the hea
5、t sample and analysis may be accepted asrepresentative of the composition of the metal. In such cases,each lot must be properly identified with the heats from whichit was made.1.3 This practice is intended to cover the general principlesof sampling applicable to nonferrous metals in cast form and is
6、not intended to supersede or replace existing specificationrequirements for sampling of a particular material.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety co
7、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 255 Practice for Sampling Copper an
8、d Copper Alloys forthe Determination of Chemical Composition3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 portion, nthe term “portion” is used in this practiceto designate the selected ingots, slabs, etc., from which thesample is prepared.3.1.2 sample, nthe term “sample” is
9、used in this practiceto designate the final form of the material submitted foranalysis (drillings, millings, etc.). A representative sample maybest be defined as a small part containing the same componentsin the same proportions as they occur in the relatively largemass of the original lot or lots o
10、f material.4. Selection of Portion4.1 Aportion representative of the total shipment or lot shallbe taken for sampling. This portion shall be so selected that aminimum wastage of material is incurred, consistent with therequired accuracy in sampling.4.2 The number of ingots, slabs, etc., selected to
11、constitutethis portion shall comply with the requirements of the ASTMspecifications covering that particular material.5. Preparation of Sample5.1 Machinable materials shall be sampled by drilling,milling, or sawing. Materials that are too difficult to machinemay be ground or crushed.5.2 Machinable m
12、aterials in form of bar, billet, ingot, slab,cake, etc., shall be sampled by drilling five holes approxi-mately 1.27 cm (12 in.) in diameter at points equally spacedbetween the ends of the pieces along a diagonal line. Thedrilling shall be through the total thickness and, if necessary,drilled from b
13、oth directions, top and bottom.5.3 Alternatively, any of the forms mentioned in 5.2 may bemilled or sawed at similar points through a section from side tocenter or through an entire cross-section of the piece.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for M
14、etals, Ores and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.05 on Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, Be, their Alloys and Related Metals.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 88 91 (2001).2For
15、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
16、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.4 Materials too difficult to be machined, commonly inlump form, shall be reduced in size by passing through a jawor roll crusher or broken in a mortar to a particle size that willpass a No. 14 (1.40-mm) sieve.6. Details of Sampling6.1 The ingots, s
17、labs, etc., selected for the preparation of thesample for chemical analysis, when testing for compliancewith specifications, shall be cleaned, if necessary, to removescale, dirt, oil, grease, etc.6.2 The saw, drills, cutter, or other tools used for samplingshall be thoroughly cleaned prior to use. D
18、epth of cut, speed ofcutting, etc., shall be so regulated that excessive heating andconsequent oxidation of the sample shall be avoided.6.3 The chips obtained by milling, drilling, etc., shouldpreferably be uniformly small in size. Very fine dust-likematerial should be avoided.NOTE 2To facilitate th
19、e preparation of chips of satisfactory size,V-shape chip-breaking grooves may be formed in the cutting edge of thetool by grinding or other convenient means at approximately right anglesto the cutting edge. The spacing of the grooves may vary depending uponthe tool and would have to be determined fo
20、r each application. Thegrooves in adjacent cutting edges should be staggered.6.4 Lubricants are not required in the sampling of themajority of casting metals and alloys. With certain alloys,lubrication may be necessary either to avoid excessive oxida-tion or dusting of the sample. In such cases, the
21、 choice and useof a satisfactory lubricant should be by mutual agreementbetween the manufacturer and the purchaser. Lubricants shouldbe selected that do not alter or change the composition of thesample during contact. Lubricants should be completely re-moved as soon as possible after the sampling op
22、eration by theuse of suitable solvents (such as ethyl ether, acetone, oralcohol) and drying.6.5 Drillings, millings, or sawings, or nonmagnetic, nonfer-rous alloys shall be treated with a strong magnet to remove anyparticles of iron introduced in taking the sample. In the case ofsome metals, an acid
23、 dip may be required if low iron is critical.6.6 Drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings shall be care-fully examined, and any foreign material accidentally intro-duced in taking the sample shall be removed.7. Size of Sample and Storage7.1 Weight of the prepared sample shall comply with thesample
24、 requirements of the ASTM specification covering thatparticular material, but shall not be less than 100 g. The sampleshall be divided into three equal parts, each of which shall beplaced in a package and sealed; one for the seller, one for thepurchaser, and one for an umpire.7.2 Samples that are to
25、 be stored over long periods, or thatare oxidized readily or otherwise altered in composition undervarying atmospheric conditions, or that may become seriouslycontaminated in contact with paper or cardboard, should bekept in wide-mouth glass bottles having tight-fitting closures.In other cases tight
26、, leak-proof, paper sample envelopes orcardboard cartons may be used to hold the sample.8. Resampling8.1 In case of dissatisfaction, either party may require thatthe material be resampled in the presence of representatives ofthe seller and the purchaser. The thoroughly mixed sampleshall be divided i
27、nto three equal parts, each of which shall beplaced in a package and sealed: one for the seller, one for thepurchaser, and one for an umpire.9. Keywords9.1 alloys; cast nonferrous metals; samplingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
28、 with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible t
29、echnical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful conside
30、ration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr
31、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 88 91 (2005)2
