1、Designation: E1154 14Standard Specification forPiston or Plunger Operated Volumetric Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements, operatingconditions, and test methods for piston or plunger operatedvolumetric apparatus (POVA)
3、.1.2 This specification includes specifications applicable forall types of POVA or those given by the manufacturer. Thefollowing precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methodportion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safety concerns, if an
4、y,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E617 Specification for Laboratory Weights and PrecisionM
5、ass StandardsE898 Test Method of Testing Top-Loading, Direct-ReadingLaboratory Scales and Balances2.2 ISO Documents:2ISO 3534 StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsISO 653 Long Solid-Stem Thermometers for Precision UseISO 655 Long Enclosed-Scale Thermometers for PrecisionUseISO 4787 Laboratory GlasswareVo
6、lumetric GlasswareMethods for Testing and Use2.3 Other Documents3OIML R 111-1 Weights of classes E1,E2,F1,F2,M1,M12,M2,M23and M3: Part 1: Metrological and technicalrequirements3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 accuracy4the accuracy of an instrument is theclosenes
7、s of agreement between the nominal volume and themean volume, obtained by applying the test procedure speci-fied in Section 13 of this specification. It is quantified by theinaccuracy of the mean.3.1.2 dead volumethe dead volume is that part of the totalliquid volume, held in the operational part of
8、 the device, whichis not delivered.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dead volume should not be con-fused with the dead space of an air displacement instrument.3.1.3 disposablethose parts of an instrument that areintended to be used once only and then discarded. Disposableparts are generally intended for use in
9、applications wheresample carryover is intolerable.3.1.4 maximum errorthe maximum difference betweenthe nominal volume and any single individual volume obtainedby applying the test procedure specified in Section 13 of thisSpecification.3.1.5 maximum expectable errorwith more than 95 %probability, the
10、 maximum expectable error is calculated asfollows:61ET112s! (1)where:ET= inaccuracy of the mean, ands = standard deviation from the repeatability test in Section13.3.1.6 nominal volume(s)the stated volume(s) for whichperformance is specified.3.1.7 piston or plunger operated volumetric apparatus(POVA
11、)the volume of liquid to be measured with POVA isdefined by one or more strokes of one or more pistons orplungers. POVA may be operated manually or mechanically(for example, electrically, pneumatically or by hydrostaticpressure).3.1.7.1 DiscussionIn the following text the word pistonmeans piston or
12、plunger.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 onLaboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.06 onWeighing Devices.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2
13、008 as E1154-89 (2008). DOI:10.1520/E1154-14.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.3Available from International Organization of Legal Metrology, 11 rue Turgot,75009 Paris, France. www.oilm.org/en/4These definit
14、ions apply only in the cases where the distributions are Gaussian.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.8 precision4the closeness of agreement between theindividual volumes obtained by applying the test procedurespecifie
15、d in this specification. It is quantified by the impreci-sion.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe test procedure specified gives onlya measure of the repeatability (see ISO 3534) under controlledconditions.3.1.9 reference temperaturethe temperature at which theinstrument is designed to deliver its nominal volume(
16、s).3.1.9.1 DiscussionAt that temperature the closest agree-ment between manufacturers performance claims and testresults may be expected.3.1.10 reference temperature rangethat temperature rangefor which the tolerances for accuracy are specified.3.1.11 reusablethose parts of an instrument that are me
17、antto be used more than once.As the reusability of some parts canrarely be quantified, any institution or individual who reuses areusable part must see to its safety and effectiveness. Reusableparts are generally intended for use in applications wheresample carryover is tolerable, or can be adequate
18、ly prevented.3.1.12 sample carryoverthat portion of the sample that isretained in the instrument and that may affect subsequentsamples.3.1.13 stated featureany feature claimed by the manufac-turer.3.1.14 unit of volumethe millilitre or the microlitre, thatare accepted substitutes for the cubic centi
19、metre or cubicmillimetre.3.1.14.1 DiscussionIt is recommended that volumesshould be specified in microlitres up to 999 L, and inmillilitres from 1 mL.3.1.15 working rangethat part (of the total range) forwhich manufacturers performance specifications are given.3.1.16 working temperature rangethat ra
20、nge of tempera-tures for which manufacturers performance specifications aregiven.4. Classification4.1 Types of POVAPiston or plunger operated volumetricapparatus (POVA) are classified as follows:4.1.1 PipetteA measuring instrument for the transfer of apredetermined volume of liquid from one vessel t
21、o another. Itis not connected to a reservoir.4.1.2 DispenserA measuring instrument for deliveringpredetermined volumes of liquid from a reservoir. The reser-voir may be integrated with the instrument or connectedexternally.4.1.3 DilutorA measuring instrument for taking up differ-ent liquids (for exa
22、mple, sample and diluent) and deliveringthem in combination so as to comprise a predetermined ratio,or predetermined volumes, or both. The reservoir of diluentmay be integrated with the instrument or connected externally.4.1.4 Displacement BuretA measuring instrument fromwhich the volume delivered i
23、s determined by an externalindicator. The volume delivered can then be read.4.2 Types of Displacement:4.2.1 Displacement with an air interface (“air displace-ment”). The delivered liquid is displaced by an air interface(indirect action), (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.2.2 Displacement without an air interfac
24、e (“positive dis-placement”). The delivered liquid is displaced either by aliquid interface (indirect action) or by actual contact with thepiston (direct action), (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).5. Performance Requirements5.1 Performance Tolerances:5.1.1 Performance tolerances specified for POVA are meantto
25、 include any thermal drift effect upon the accuracy andprecision attributable to hand-transmitted heat during normaluse. It is, therefore, important that the instrument beingevaluated according to the referenced procedure not be pre-conditioned (warmed) by recent handling, nor isolated fromnormal ha
26、ndwarming during the test series (30 or 10 cycles).5.1.2 Volumetric performance tolerances are not specified inthis specification. The manufacturer shall specify the perfor-mance tolerances in terms of the accuracy of the mean (EC%)and coefficient of variation (CVc%). Values shall be given forthe mi
27、nimum and maximum volumes of the working range, aswell as for any intermediate volumes in the series 1, 2, 5, 10 5.2 The reference temperature recommended for all POVAis 21.5C, which is the mid-point of the reference temperaturerange, (see section 3.1.10). The use of another referencetemperature mus
28、t be stated by the manufacturer.5.2.1 Reference Temperature RangeThe reference tem-perature range for all POVA shall be 19 to 24C, (see section3.1.9 and section 3.1.10).5.3 Removable Parts:FIG. 1 Displacement With an Air Interface (Air Displacement)E1154 1425.3.1 The volumetric performance of POVA t
29、o be used withremovable parts can depend to a large extent on the design,material, and workmanship of those parts. The test proceduresdescribed can give information only about the performance ofthe instruments together with the removable parts actuallyused.5.3.2 Single-Measurement TestThe single-mea
30、surementment test requires either 30 or 10 randomly selected removableparts, one for each sample of the series. This test evaluates theinstruments performance and component of imprecision dueto the variation of these parts.5.3.3 Replicate-Delivery TestThe replicate delivery testuses one removable pa
31、rt for the 30 or 10 sample series. Thistest evaluates the instruments performance and the componentof imprecision due to the reuse of this part.5.4 DurabilityAny claim by a manufacturer that an instru-ment is resistant to any defined conditions (for example,sterilization and chemical exposure) shall
32、 be understood insuch a way that even long term or repeated exposure to thoseconditions (as specified by the manufacturer) will not affect therated performance of the instrument.6. General Operating Conditions6.1 Relationship to PerformanceThe specification of op-erating procedures is critical to th
33、e proper functioning of theinstruments, and determines their ability to perform withinspecified tolerances. Changes in the operating mode candramatically alter the results of analyses. Most instruments arecalibrated for certain operating modes; another manner of usemay result in a change in the accu
34、racy or precision, or both.6.2 DelineationIt is the manufacturers responsibility todelineate the modes of operation in instruction manuals and tostate for which of the modes the instrument is calibrated.6.3 PreparationThe manufacturer shall provide instruc-tions necessary for the preparation of the
35、instrument for use inparticular operating modes (for example, mounting of remov-able parts, method of volume adjustment, temperatureFIG. 2 Displacement Without an Air Interface (Positive Displacement)FIG. 3 Pipetter Mode of Operation (Forward Mode)FIG. 4 Pipetter Mode of Operation (Reverse Mode)E115
36、4 143equation, isothermal requirements, testing of piston action,lubrication, priming, purging or prerinsing information, etc.).7. Operating Conditions for Pipetters7.1 Two common modes of operation are in use, the forwardmode (sometimes referred to as normal mode), and the reversemode (usable with
37、two-component stroke mechanism systemsonly), (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).7.1.1 In general, the precision of the repetitive use of theforward mode relies upon the precise draining by air pressure(in the case of air displacement pipetters) or internal wiping ofthe pipet barrel or tip (in the case of displ
38、acement pipetters).Ascompared to the reverse mode, the forward mode is relativelyinsensitive to variations in the speed of the piston or plunger inthe dispensing action. Positive displacement instruments withrelatively small delivery orifices are generally less sensitive tochange in accuracy when ha
39、ndling liquids with high wetabilitycharacteristics.7.1.2 Air displacement pipetters with two-component strokemechanisms are generally less sensitive than air displacementpipetters with one-stroke mechanisms positive displacementpipetters to errors introduced by slight variations of thedynamics of th
40、e liquid interface break at the end of the pipet orpipet tip during the dispensing action, due to the purging actionof the air “blow-out” stroke potential.7.1.3 The use of the reverse mode with two-componentstroke mechanism pipetters may be more advantageous whenliquids that are difficult to handle
41、in the forward mode areencountered.7.2 Forward Mode, General Format:7.2.1 PreparationPipetter and environment shall be iso-thermal. Volume settings and the mounting of removable ordisposable pipet tips shall be accomplished according to themanufacturers directions.7.2.2 Aspiration:7.2.2.1 Hold the i
42、nstrument in a vertical position, or asprescribed by the manufacturer.7.2.2.2 In the case of two-component stroke systems, de-press the push button smoothly to the intermediate stopposition.7.2.2.3 In the case of one-component stroke systems, de-press the push-button smoothly to the bottom stop posi
43、tion.7.2.2.4 Immerse the pipet or pipet tip into the liquid to bepipetted to, and maintain it at the following depth:Volume, L Immersion Depth, mm1to100 2to3101 to 1000 2 to 41.1to10mL 3to67.2.2.5 Allow the push-button to move up to the top stopposition slowly and smoothly.7.2.2.6 For air displaceme
44、nt pipetters, observe a wait of 1 s.7.2.2.7 Withdraw the pipet or pipet tip smoothly by liftingstraight up either from the center of the liquid surface in thevessel, or up the sidewall of the vessel.NOTE 1No further liquid contact of the pipet or pipet tip is allowedonce the liquid interface is brok
45、en.7.2.2.8 Wipe the pipet or pipet tip only if there are extrane-ous droplets. Contact with the orifice of the pipet or pipet tip,especially with absorbent material, must be avoided, as largecomponents of random or systematic error may be introduced.7.2.3 DeliveryPlace the pipet or pipet tip at an a
46、ngle (10to 45, or as prescribed by the manufacturer) against the insidewall of the receiving vessel.7.2.3.1 For two-component stroke systems, depress thepush-button smoothly to the intermediate stop position.After await of 1 s, depress the push-button to the bottom stop positionas the pipet or pipet
47、 tip end is removed from the sidewall byeither a sliding action up the wall or a movement away fromthe wall (“touching off”).7.2.3.2 For one-component stroke systems, depress thepush-button smoothly to the bottom stop position as the pipetor pipet tip end is removed from the sidewall by either a sli
48、dingaction up the wall, or a movement away from the wall.7.2.3.3 Allow the push-button to move up to the top stopposition.7.3 Reverse Mode, General Format:7.3.1 PreparationPrepare in accordance with 7.2.1, for-ward mode.7.3.2 AspirationAspirate in accordance with 7.2.2, exceptthat the push-button is
49、 depressed to the bottom stop positionprior to pipet tip immersion.7.3.3 Delivery:7.3.3.1 Place the pipet or pipet tip at an angle (10 to 45, oras prescribed by the manufacturer) against the inside wall ofthe receiving vessel.7.3.3.2 Depress the push-button smoothly to the intermedi-ate stop position.7.3.3.3 After a 1-s wait, remove the pipet or pipet tip fromthe sidewall, in accordance with 7.2.3.7.3.3.4 In the case of the pipet tip being reused, allow thepush-button to remain in the intermediate stop position forsubseque
