1、Designation: E 1254 03Standard Guide forStorage of Radiographs and Unexposed IndustrialRadiographic Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide may be used for the control and maintenanceof industrial radiographs and unexposed films used for indus-trial r
3、adiography.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. SI units are provided for information only.NOTE 1For information purposes, refer to Terminology E 1316. Theterms stated therein, however, are not specifically referenced in the text ofthis document.1.3 This stand
4、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
5、TM Standards:E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination2E 746 Test Method for Determining Relative Image QualityResponse of Industrial Radiographic Film Systems2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations22.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14523:1999 Processed Photographic MaterialsPhotographic activity tes
6、t for enclosure materialsISO 18901:2002 Imaging MaterialsProcessed silver-gelatin type black-and-white films - Specifications forstabilityISO 18902:2001 Imaging MaterialsProcessed photo-graphic films, plates, and papers - Filing enclosures andstorage containersISO 18917:1999 PhotographyDetermination
7、 of residualthiosulfate and other related chemicals in processed pho-tographic materials - Methods using iodine-amylose, me-thylene blue and silver sulfide3. Significance and Use3.1 The provisions of this guide are intended to control thequality of industrial radiographs and unexposed films only and
8、are not intended for controlling the acceptability of thematerials or products radiographed. It is further intended thatthis guide be used as an adjunct to Guide E 94.3.2 The necessity for applying specific control proceduressuch as those described in this guide is dependent to a certainextent, on t
9、he degree to which a user adheres to goodprocessing and storage practices as a matter of routine proce-dure.4. Unexposed Film Storage4.1 Unopened Containers:4.1.1 Storage RecommendationsAny films in containerssealed by the manufacturer and not opened should be storedwith the films on edge, whenever
10、possible, to avoid containerdamage and possible film damage. Storage temperature shouldbe between 40F 4.4C and 75F 24C at a relativehumidity range of 30 to 60 %.4.1.2 Higher Storage TemperaturesWhen temperaturesexceed 90F 32C for 30 days, some unexposed films may beprocessed under normal existing co
11、nditions to test for fogging.The outside sheets in a pack of cut films or the ends of rolledfilms are most affected by heat. If excessive fogging is foundon these samples, subsequent sampling may be done on innersheets or further in on the rolls to avoid unnecessary scrap. Alimit of 0.30 density uni
12、ts total for the base density and fog isacceptable (see 4.3) for industrial radiographic films.4.1.3 Lower Storage TemperaturesThe temperature canbe lower than 40F 4.4C as lower temperatures reduce therate of heat and age fogging. However, lower temperatures willhave no effect on background radiatio
13、n fogging. Films stored atthese lower temperatures in unopened containers should beallowed to stabilize at room temperature before opening thecontainers. The stabilization time varies with the bulk of thestored films and the temperature stored at. The lower thetemperature and greater the bulk the lo
14、nger the time required to1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology(X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last
15、previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1254 98.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, or http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
16、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.reach room temperature. If the containers are opened too soon,condensation could cause the films to stick to whatever istouching their surfaces.4.1.4 Lower or Higher Storage Humidities If the relativehumidity is below 30 % and the moisture in the films isreduced suffi
17、ciently, film emulsion cracking or damage canoccur during handling after opening the sealed containers, andthe films may be subjected to static electrical discharges.Storage humidities over 60 % can also cause the films to stickto whatever is touching their surfaces.4.2 Opened ContainersThe same con
18、siderations de-scribed in 4.1 for unopened containers apply. Opened contain-ers are those on which the manufacturers inner bag around thefilm itself has been opened. This can cause the unexposed filmto stick and fog more rapidly when exposed to high humidityand temperature.4.3 Time-of-Use UsabilityT
19、ests used to evaluate imagequality in accordance with Test Method E 746 showed thatequivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) of 1.4 % can bemaintained for films with base plus-fog (B + Fog) up to 0.30.4.3.1 If unexposed sheets or rolls are processed normallythrough the available processing system, a
20、nd base plus-fogdensity exceeds 0.30, the film may still be suitable for use.However, specific agreement should be obtained between thepurchaser and supplier if out-dated film or film stored undernon-recommended conditions is to be used.4.4 Radiation ProtectionStorage facilities for unexposedfilms s
21、hould provide adequate protection from penetratingradiation.5. Radiograph Storage5.1 IntroductionRadiographs are normally stored in someform of enclosures to exclude dirt and protect them againstphysical deterioration and damage. Storage conditions can bedesigned for archival preservation, normally
22、considered to befor more than 100 years or for moderate time periods by usingthe guidelines in this standard; however, the radiographs musthave been sufficiently fixed and washed and stored in suitableenclosures to ensure preservation.5.2 Residual ThiosulfateIf radiographs are not fully fixedand was
23、hed, they can retain some fixer, or thiosulfate, andsome residual silver in the lower density areas. During storage,these residual chemicals can generate permanent, brownishstain super-imposed on the radiographic image. Since the rateat which a stain is generated depends on both the amount ofresidua
24、l thiosulfate and radiograph storage conditions, factorssuch as the temperature, humidity, and air flow in the storagefacility must be considered as they affect this rate (seeISO 18901:2002). If radiographs are stored at or below theupper limits of the temperature and relative humidity rangesdescrib
25、ed in 4.1.1, stain generation will be minimized andlowered as these two parameters are lowered. Again, be awareof possible film emulsion cracking at very low humidities.5.2.1 Testing for Residual Thiosulfate The proceduredescribed in ISO 18917:1999 as the silver densitometricmethod for measuring res
26、idual thiosulfate details a silvernitrate-acetic acid reagent. A solution that can be used as a spottest for residual thiosulfate is as follows: Dissolve 10 g silvernitrate in a solution of 30 mL glacial acetic acid in 750 mLwater. Dilute to 1 L and store in brown, glass-stoppered bottle.Discard if
27、darkened. Two minutes after a drop of this solutionhas been placed on the lowest density area of a radiograph, astain will appear if any residual thiosulfate is present. Theintensity of the stain will approximate the maximum amount ofdiscoloration that one side of the radiograph will ever reachdurin
28、g any kind of storage conditions of temperature andhumidity. For a visual reference to the approximate maximumdiscoloration of both sides of a radiograph, both sides must betested with superimposed drops. This spot test not usuallyconsidered adequate where critical work or work to a strictcode or sp
29、ecification is involved and the methylene bluemethod or the complete silver densitometric method describedin ISO 18917:1999 is preferred.5.2.2 Natural Aging StainPractical long-time storage testsindicate that under normal “office” conditions of controlled,moderate temperature and humidity, approxima
30、tely one thirdof the maximum stain indicated by such a spot test was actuallygenerated over a 10-year period.5.2.3 Rewashing RadiographsIf the spot test does gener-ate a stain, the radiograph can be rewashed to lower theresidual level and then retested to confirm the lower level.Immersion in a fixer
31、 neutralizer such as 2 to 6 % solution ofsodium sulfite can drastically reduce rewashing times.5.3 Enclosure Materials for Radiographs:5.3.1 GeneralPackaging enclosure materials, includingcorrugated boxes and interleaving paper, shall be chemicallystable and have a slightly rough or matted surface.
32、Guidelinesfor enclosure materials are described in ISO 18902:2001. Aphoto activity test for suitability is described inISO 14523:1999.5.4 Storage Area Conditions:5.4.1 Air ImpuritiesInert or inactive solid particles can bedeposited on radiographs and interfere with readability andproduce scratches.
33、Reactive types of solids may cause fadingor staining and gaseous impurities may cause base or imagedeterioration. Impurities such as peroxides, ammonia, paintfumes, sulfur dioxides, or compounds of sulfur, such ashydrogen sulfide, can be particularly harmful.5.4.2 TemperatureContinuous temperatures
34、above 100F38C will accelerate staining caused by residual thiosulfateand temperatures below the dew point of the air may producecondensed moisture on the radiographs and cause sticking. Ingeneral, a moderate temperature range, as described in 4.1, isrecommended.5.4.3 HumidityThe extremes must be avo
35、ided as pro-longed exposures to relative humidities over 60 % will tend todamage the emulsion because of fungus growth and couldcause sticking. Under conditions of low or changing humidity,emulsion adhesion defects such as edge peeling, flaking, oremulsion cracking can develop. Low humidities will a
36、lsoincrease the potential of static charges on the radiographsattracting solids that could harm them. In general, a relativehumidity range of 30 to 60 % is recommended.5.5 Fire ResistanceRadiographs can withstand tempera-tures as high as 302F 150C without significant loss ofimage quality, provided t
37、hey are free of residual thiosulfate;E1254032however, they may become distorted or stick to each other orto the enclosure material.6. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this guide for measuring residual thiosulfate and the activitytest for enclosure mater
38、ials since the results merely statewhether there is conformance to the criteria for successspecified in the procedure.7. Keywords7.1 industrial radiographic films; radiograph storage; unex-posed filmASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connect
39、ion with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsibl
40、e technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful cons
41、ideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 B
42、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E1254033
