1、Designation: E 1282 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forSpecifying the Chemical Compositions and SelectingSampling Practices and Quantitative Analysis Methods forMetals, Ores, and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1282; the number immediately following the des
2、ignation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures
3、 for specifying composi-tional requirements and identifying appropriate sampling andquantitative analysis methodologies to be referenced in productspecification standards for metals, ores, and related materials.It is not intended to replace or conflict with either individualproduct specifications or
4、 standards covering broad classifica-tions of products such as Test Methods A 751.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and d
5、etermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 276 Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting SteelBars and ShapesA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsE 34 Test Methods for Chemical A
6、nalysis of Aluminum andAluminum-Base AlloysE 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialE 255 Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys forDetermination of Chemical CompositionE 342 Test Method for Chromium Oxide in Chrome OresE 350 Test Methods for Ch
7、emical Analysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE 1061 Practice for Coducting an Interlaboratory Study toEvaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is intended to assist those writing or revisingcomposit
8、ional specification, sampling practice, and analysismethod standards for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ores, andrelated materials. It is directed toward those areas which mustbe addressed to properly coordinate compositional specifica-tion, sampling practice, and analytical method standards. Itsus
9、e will help ensure that compositional requirements areclearly defined and that sampling practices and analyticalmethods are available to meet product specifications.3.2 This guide does not attempt to define which elementsshould be controlled, where samples should be taken, or howthey should be analy
10、zed. These items are addressed in stan-dards such as Specification A 276, Methods, Practices andTerminology A 751, Test Method E 34, Practice E 255, TestMethod E 342, and Test Methods E 350.3.3 A primary purpose for ASTM sampling practices andanalytical method standards is to provide widely-accepted
11、 andtested methodology for use in meeting ASTM product speci-fications. Although it is recognized that individual laboratoriesare free to use other methods, the availability of ASTMapproved methodology is essential for referee purposes and todemonstrate that properly equipped laboratories can make t
12、herequired measurements.3.4 Sampling practices and analysis methods to be recom-mended for use in testing a given product are most easilyselected cooperatively by the specification-writing and themethods-writing committees which have jurisdiction for theproduct. When existing sampling or analysis st
13、andards do notmeet the needs of the new product specification standard, thespecification-writing committee should request that themethods-writing committee develop the required standards.ASTM Committee E-1 is responsible for methods and practicescovering the sampling and analysis of most metals, ore
14、s, andrelated materials.4. Procedure4.1 List those elements which either positively or negativelyinfluence the products processing, properties, or performance.Do not list elements for which no justification exists for1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry
15、for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices .Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 128298.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
16、 ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, U
17、nited States.exercising compositional control or for which no methods ofanalysis exist. Nonessential compositional specifications in-crease testing costs with no benefit to producer or consumer.4.2 Establish the compositional requirements for each ele-ment identified in 4.1 as a concentration range,
18、 a maximum ora minimum. Where possible, it is desirable to express concen-trations in weight percent, however, other concentration units,such as parts per million, may also be used. Always list theelement in the stoichiometric form in which the composition isto be reported. For example, depending on
19、 the material,calcium might be specified and reported as Ca, CaCO3,orCaO. Occasionally, it may be necessary to specify that the sumof a limited number of specific element concentrations mustnot exceed some maximum value or must remain above someminimum value. Make sure that measurement uncertainties
20、,particularly at the lower quantitation limits, do not contributesignificantly to calculated sums.4.2.1 Nonspecific phrases such as balance or remaindermay be listed for informational purposes only, but must havean accompanying footnote stating that quantitative measure-ment is not required. An exam
21、ple of an acceptable footnote is:“For information only. Quantitative determination of thiselement is not required.” Avoid assigning quantitative compo-sitional specifications to nonspecific items such as “all otherelements” or “all residuals.” It is not possible to use element-specific analytical me
22、thods to meet a non-element-specificcompositional specification (Note 1).NOTE 1The purity of high purity metals is often best ascertained bythe determination of residual elements. In these cases, each element to bedetermined must be listed with either a maximum concentration for eachelement or a min
23、imum concentration for the sum of the listed determina-tions. See Table 1.4.2.2 When specifying the composition of components in acomposite, define the components consistent with both com-mercial requirements and testing capabilities. For example, if aspecification requires that both the coating and
24、 base metal beanalyzed separately, make sure that it is possible to quantita-tively separate the coating from the base metal prior toanalysis.4.2.3 If compositional requirements differ among variousapplications for a given alloy, it may be necessary to specifycomposition by application within a grad
25、e, or to create aseparate grade for those applications.4.2.4 Refer to Table 1 as an example of a possible format forpresenting compositional specifications.4.3 Identify standard sampling practices that can be used ateach processing step or for each product form for whichcompositional requirements ar
26、e identified as described below(see Note 2).NOTE 2For additional information on a recommended practice de-signed for the steel industry, consult the literature.34.3.1 Ensure that each selected sampling practice can becarried out without unacceptably interrupting production, in-terfering with product
27、 quality, or risking the health or safety ofemployees.4.3.2 Ensure that the selected sampling hardware and prac-tices are reliable. For example, in heat analysis sampling,ensure that the ratio of successful (solid, non-porous, com-pletely filled mold) to unsuccessful samplings is acceptable.Also, pr
28、ovision should be made for resampling when needed.4.3.3 Ensure that the concentration of each element to bedetermined in the sample is representative of the bulk material.For example, many commercially available molten-metal sam-pling devices used in the steel industry contain deoxidizingelements, s
29、uch as aluminum, which alloy with the test sample.Samples taken using such devices cannot be used to determinethese elements in the bath. In addition, the unusually highconcentration of the deoxidizing element may interfere withthe determination of other elements in the sample. If any ofthese elemen
30、ts are to be included in the product specification,more than one sampling device will be required.4.3.4 Ensure that adequate samples are taken to permit thedetermination of all elements to be included in the specifica-tion. Some determinations, such as hydrogen, may requirespecial sampling and stora
31、ge practices.4.3.5 Ensure that each selected sampling practice providessamples of sufficient size and shape for both production andreferee analyses. Samples should be in a form amenable torapid transport to the laboratory, and should require a minimumof time and effort to prepare for chemical analys
32、is. Followingproduction analysis, sufficient representative material mustremain for any recheck analyses by the same or other tech-niques, as required.4.4 Identify all analytical methods standards that can beused to determine all elements for which compositions are tobe specified as described in 4.4
33、.1-4.4.4.4.4.1 Using the lists of elements and associated concentra-tions generated in 4.2, identify the analytical method standardsthat cover the listed concentration ranges for in-process andcheck analyses. Most in-process (control) analyses are per-formed by spectrometric methods using solid samp
34、les, whilemost check or referee analyses are performed by a combinationof wet chemical and instrumental methods. The latter fre-quently require that a dissolved sample be obtained fromdrilled or machined chips.44.4.2 Eliminate from further consideration any methodolo-gies that are subject to uncorre
35、ctable chemical or spectral3AISI Recommended Guidelines for Quantitative Evaluation of New Samplersor Sampling Procedures, available from the American Iron and Steel Institute, 10016th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-5761.4Analytical methods for most metals and alloys can be found in the Annual Book
36、of ASTM Standards, Vols 03.05 and 03.06.TABLE 1 Example of Typical Alloy Compositional RequirementsElementCompositionAGrade A Grade BCarbon: 0.200.30 0.450.75Manganese: 1.0, max 1.3, maxChromium 20.028.5 32.538.0Iron 25, min balanceBCopper + Vanadium 0.02, max 0.50, minOxygen 25 ppm, max 50 ppm, max
37、AluminumC0.020.10 0.200.30AAll concentrations are given in weight percent, unless otherwise stated.BFor information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.CThe aluminum concentration requirement applies only to material made forhigh-temperature applications and its quantita
38、tive determination is not required onmaterial designated for other uses.E 1282 98 (2004)2interferences due to elements expected to exist in the sample,including those for which compositions are not specified. Suchinterferences are identified in each ASTM analytical standardmethod. The Scope and Inte
39、rferences sections of each methodmust be carefully interpreted by a skilled analyst before thatmethod is applied to the analysis of a material that was notconsidered by the authors of the method.4.4.3 Ensure that the identified analytical methodologies arecapable of attaining sufficient precision to
40、 comply with theintended compositional requirements. Refer to the performancedata in the ASTM standard methods of analysis to ensure thatthe repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) obtained duringinterlaboratory testing for each method are sufficient to meetthe intended requirements. Definitions o
41、f r and R can be foundin Terminology E 135, and Practice E 1601. State composi-tional requirements using the number of significant figureswhich is consistent with the R performance data associatedwith the selected analytical methodology and the needs of theproduct specification. Most compositional s
42、pecifications willcontain between one and three significant figures.4.4.4 Ensure that the sample preparation requirements thatare part of the analytical method are compatible with theselected sampling practice and that the sampling, samplepreparation, and analysis work can be completed within thetim
43、e available.4.5 In addition to listings and explanations of compositionalspecifications, include in each product specification standardsufficient instructions and references to the appropriate ASTMsampling practices and analysis methods standards to allow aproducer or user of the material to complet
44、ely test for compli-ance with all compositional requirements. References to sam-pling practices and analysis method standards can be eitherlisted directly in the product specification standard, or refer-enced through a generic standard such as Methods, Practicesand Terminology A 751. When the latter
45、 option is selected, besure that the generic standard provides all of the requiredinformation in an unambiguous fashion.5. Keywords5.1 quantitative analysis; sampling; specificationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
46、mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commit
47、tee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a mee
48、ting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
49、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1282 98 (2004)3
