1、Designation: E1391 03 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forCollection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation ofSediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection ofSamplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1391; the number immediately
2、following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide
3、covers procedures for obtaining, storing,characterizing, and manipulating marine, estuarine, and fresh-water sediments, for use in laboratory sediment toxicity evalu-ations and describes samplers that can be used to collectsediment and benthic invertebrates (Annex A1). This standardis not meant to p
4、rovide detailed guidance for all aspects ofsediment assessments, such as chemical analyses ormonitoring, geophysical characterization, or extractable phaseand fractionation analyses. However, some of this informationmight have applications for some of these activities. A varietyof methods are review
5、ed in this guide. A statement on theconsensus approach then follows this review of the methods.This consensus approach has been included in order to fosterconsistency among studies. It is anticipated that recommendedmethods and this guide will be updated routinely to reflectprogress in our understan
6、ding of sediments and how to beststudy them. This version of the standard is based primarily ona document developed by USEPA (2001 (1)2and by Environ-ment Canada (1994 (2) as well as an earlier version of thisstandard.1.2 Protecting sediment quality is an important part ofrestoring and maintaining t
7、he biological integrity of our naturalresources as well as protecting aquatic life, wildlife, and humanhealth. Sediment is an integral component of aquaticecosystems, providing habitat, feeding, spawning, and rearingareas for many aquatic organisms (MacDonald and Ingersoll2002 a, b (3)(4). Sediment
8、also serves as a reservoir forcontaminants in sediment and therefore a potential source ofcontaminants to the water column, organisms, and ultimatelyhuman consumers of those organisms. These contaminants canarise from a number of sources, including municipal andindustrial discharges, urban and agric
9、ultural runoff, atmo-spheric deposition, and port operations.1.3 Contaminated sediment can cause lethal and sublethaleffects in benthic (sediment-dwelling) and other sediment-associated organisms. In addition, natural and human distur-bances can release contaminants to the overlying water, wherepela
10、gic (water column) organisms can be exposed. Sediment-associated contaminants can reduce or eliminate species ofrecreational, commercial, or ecological importance, eitherthrough direct effects or by affecting the food supply thatsustainable populations require. Furthermore, some contami-nants in sed
11、iment can bioaccumulate through the food chainand pose health risks to wildlife and human consumers evenwhen sediment-dwelling organisms are not themselves im-pacted (Test Method E1706).1.4 There are several regulatory guidance documents con-cerned with sediment collection and characterization proce
12、-dures that might be important for individuals performingfederal or state agency-related work. Discussion of some of theprinciples and current thoughts on these approaches can befound in Dickson, et al. Ingersoll et al. (1997 (5), andWenningand Ingersoll (2002 (6).1.5 This guide is arranged as follo
13、ws:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Safety Hazards 8Sediment Monitoring and Assessment Plans 9Collection of Whole Sediment Samples 10Field Sample Processing, Transport, and Storage ofSediments11Sample Manipulations 12C
14、ollection of Interstitial Water 13Physico-chemical Characterization of Sediment Samples 14Quality Assurance 15Report 16Keywords 17Description of Samplers Used to Collect Sediment orBenthic InvertebratesAnnex A11This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Ris
15、k Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published May 2015. Originally approvedin 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1391 03(2008). DOI:10.1520/E1391-
16、03R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 Field-collected
17、 sediments might contain potentiallytoxic materials and should thus be treated with caution tominimize occupational exposure to workers. Worker safetymust also be considered when working with spiked sedimentscontaining various organic, inorganic, or radiolabeledcontaminants, or some combination ther
18、eof. Careful consider-ation should be given to those chemicals that mightbiodegrade, volatilize, oxidize, or photolyze during the expo-sure.1.7 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are tobe regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare for information only.1.8 This stand
19、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific hazardsstatements
20、are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD3976 Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples forChemi
21、cal AnalysisD4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Withdrawn2003)4D4822 Guide for Selection of Methods of Particle SizeAnalysis of Fluvial Sediments (Manual Methods)D4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsE729 Guide for Con
22、ducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-iansE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Testswith FishesE1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associate
23、d Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-vertebratesE1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with SedimentsE1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withPolychaetous AnnelidsE1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation ofSediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Inverte-brate
24、sE1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater InvertebratesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “
25、can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that thetest ought to be designed to satisfy the specified condition,unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.“Must” is used only in connection with the f
26、actors that relatedirectly to the acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to statethat the specified condition is recommended and ought to bemet in most tests. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, the violation of several will often renderthe results questionable. Te
27、rms such as “is desirable,” “ is oftendesirable,” and“ might be desirable” are used in connectionwith less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)allowed to,” “can” is used to mean“ is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus, the classicdistinction between “may”
28、and“ can” is preserved, and “might”is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E729 and Test Method E1706, Terminologies D1129and E943, and Classification D4387; for an explanation ofunits and symbols, refer to IEEE/ASTM SI 10
29、.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 site, na study area comprised of multiple samplingstation.3.2.2 station, na location within a site where physical,chemical, or biological sampling or testing is performed.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides a review of widely used meth
30、odsfor collecting, storing, characterizing, and manipulating sedi-ments for toxicity or bioaccumulation testing and also de-scribes samplers that can be used to collect benthic inverte-brates. Where the science permits, recommendations areprovided on which procedures are appropriate, while identify-
31、ing their limitations. This guide addresses the followinggeneral topics: (1) Sediment monitoring and assessment plans(including developing a study plan and a sampling plan), (2)Collection of whole sediment samples (including a descriptionof various sampling equipment), (3) Processing, transport ands
32、torage of sediments, (4) Sample manipulations (includingsieving, formulated sediments, spiking, sediment dilutions, andpreparation of elutriate samples), (5) Collection of interstitialwater (including sampling sediments in situ and ex situ), (6)Physico-chemical characterizations of sediment samples,
33、 (7)Quality assurance, and (8) Samplers that can be used to collectsediment or benthic invertebrates.5. Significance and Use5.1 Sediment toxicity evaluations are a critical componentof environmental quality and ecosystem impact assessments,and are used to meet a variety of research and regulatory3Fo
34、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is refere
35、nced onwww.astm.org.E1391 03 (2014)2objectives. The manner in which the sediments are collected,stored, characterized, and manipulated can influence the resultsof any sediment quality or process evaluation greatly.Address-ing these variables in a systematic and uniform manner will aidthe interpretat
36、ions of sediment toxicity or bioaccumulationresults and may allow comparisons between studies.5.2 Sediment quality assessment is an important componentof water quality protection. Sediment assessments commonlyinclude physicochemical characterization, toxicity tests orbioaccumulation tests, as well a
37、s benthic community analyses.The use of consistent sediment collection, manipulation, andstorage methods will help provide high quality samples withwhich accurate data can be obtained for the national inventoryand for other programs to prevent, remediate, and managecontaminated sediment.5.3 It is no
38、w widely known that the methods used in samplecollection, transport, handling, storage, and manipulation ofsediments and interstitial waters can influence the physico-chemical properties and the results of chemical, toxicity, andbioaccumulation analyses. Addressing these variables in anappropriate a
39、nd systematic manner will provide more accuratesediment quality data and facilitate comparisons among sedi-ment studies.5.4 This standard provides current information and recom-mendations for collecting and handling sediments for physico-chemical characterization and biological testing, using proce-
40、dures that are most likely to maintain in situ conditions, mostaccurately represent the sediment in question, or satisfy par-ticular needs, to help generate consistent, high quality datacollection.5.5 This standard is intended to provide technical support tothose who design or perform sediment quali
41、ty studies under avariety of regulatory and non-regulatory programs. Informa-tion is provided concerning general sampling designconsiderations, field and laboratory facilities needed, safety,sampling equipment, sample storage and transport procedures,and sample manipulation issues common to chemical
42、 ortoxicological analyses. Information contained in this standardreflects the knowledge and experience of severalinternationally-known sources including the Puget Sound Es-tuary Program (PSEP), Washington State Department of Ecol-ogy (WDE), United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA), US Ar
43、my Corps of Engineers (USACE), NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Envi-ronment Canada. This standard attempts to present a coherentset of recommendations on field sampling techniques andsediment or interstitial water sample processing based on theabove sources, as well as ext
44、ensive information in the peer-reviewed literature.5.6 As the scope of this standard is broad, it is impossible toadequately present detailed information on every aspect ofsediment sampling and processing for all situations. Nor issuch detailed guidance warranted because much of this infor-mation (f
45、or example, how to operate a particular samplingdevice or how to use a Geographical Positioning System (GPS)device) already exists in other published materials referencedin this standard.5.7 Given the above constraints, this standard: (1) presentsa discussion of activities involved in sediment sampl
46、ing andsample processing; (2) alerts the user to important issues thatshould be considered within each activity; and (3) givesrecommendations on how to best address the issues raised suchthat appropriate samples are collected and analyzed. An at-tempt is made to alert the user to different considera
47、tionspertaining to sampling and sample processing depending on theobjectives of the study (for example, remediation, dredgedmaterial evaluations or status and trends monitoring).5.8 The organization of this standard reflects the desire togive field personnel and managers a useful tool for choosingap
48、propriate sampling locations, characterize those locations,collect and store samples, and manipulate those samples foranalyses. Each section of this standard is written so that thereader can obtain information on only one activity or set ofactivities (for example, subsampling or sample processing),
49、ifdesired, without necessarily reading the entire standard. Manysections are cross-referenced so that the reader is alerted torelevant issues that might be covered elsewhere in the standard.This is particularly important for certain chemical or toxico-logical applications in which appropriate sample processing orlaboratory procedures are associated with specific field sam-pling procedures.5.9 The methods contained in this standard are widelyapplicable to any entity wishing to collect consistent, highquality sediment data. This standard does not provide guidanceon how to imple
