1、Designation: E1734 16aStandard Practice forRadioscopic Examination of Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radio-scopic examination of castings. Radioscopic examination ofweldments can be found in E1416.1.2 This p
3、ractice applies only to radioscopic examination inwhich an image is finally presented on a display screen(monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based ona static or dynamic image. The examination results may berecorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fullyautomated sy
4、stems in which evaluation is performed automati-cally by a computer.1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-rations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize thepotential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio-scopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to
5、areas wheregeometry or part configuration does not allow for completeradioscopic coverage.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
6、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE543 Spec
7、ification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Typ
8、e Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE1416 Practice for Radi
9、oscopic Examination of WeldmentsE1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media thatContains Analog or Digital Radioscopic DataE1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer ofDigital Radiological Examination DataE1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Ra-diologyE1742 Practice f
10、or Radiographic ExaminationE2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpnessand Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios-copyE2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication inNondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)E2903 Test Method for Measurement of the Effective FocalSpot Size of M
11、ini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes2.2 ASNT Standards:3ASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certifica-tion in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Personnel Qualification and Certifica-tion in Nondestructive Testing2.3 National Aerospace Standard:NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of No
12、nde-structive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)42.4 Other Standards:.ISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel51This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.
13、01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E173416. DOI:10.1520/E1734-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
14、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerospace Indu
15、stries Association of America, Inc. 1250 EyeStreet N.W., Washington, DC 20005.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
16、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Reco
17、mmendations issued by the World Trade Organiziation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms applicable to thispractice may be found in Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to controlthe qual
18、ity of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactoryand consistent results. This practice is not intended for con-trolling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopicmethod may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuitiesand density variations that are within the sensitivity range ofthis
19、practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful formaximizing defect response.5. Basis of Application5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier:5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency EvaluationIf speci-fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive test
20、ing (NDT)agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described inPractice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.5.1.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contrac-tual agreement, personnel performing examinations to thisstandard shall be
21、qualified in accordance with a nationally orinternationally recognized NDT personnel qualification prac-tice or standard such as ANSI/ANST-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A,NAS-410, ISO 9712, or similar document and certified by theemployer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice orstandard used and its a
22、pplicable revision shall be identified inthe contractual agreement between the using parties.5.1.3 Recording MediaIf required, the recording media tobe used shall be specified in accordance with the requirementsof Section 6.5.1.4 Performance MeasurementsPerformance measure-ment shall be specified in
23、 accordance with the requirements ofSection 7.5.1.5 ProcedureProcedural requirements shall be speci-fied in the contractual agreement.5.1.6 RecordsRecords shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6. Apparatus6.1 Success of the radioscopic process depends on theoverall system configuration and
24、the selection of appropriatesubsystem components. Guidance on the selection of sub-system components and the overall system configuration isprovided in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255. Initial qualifi-cation and periodic re-qualification of the radioscopic system isrequired (see Section 7). The suita
25、bility of the radioscopicsystem shall be demonstrated by attainment of the requiredimage quality and compliance with all other requirementsstipulated herein.6.2 Equipment:6.2.1 Radiation Source (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray)Selectionof the appropriate source is dependent on variables regardingthe casting bein
26、g examined, such as material composition andthickness. Guidance on selection of the radiation source maybe found in Practice E1255 or Guides E94 and E1000.6.2.2 Manipulation SubsystemSelection of the appropriatemanipulation system (where applicable) is dependent on vari-ables such as the size and or
27、ientation of the object beingexamined and the range of motions, speed of travel, andsmoothness of motion. Guidance on selection of the manipu-lation subsystem may be found in Practice E1255.6.2.3 Detector SubsystemSelection of the appropriate de-tection system is dependent on variables such as the m
28、aterialand size of the object being examined and the energy andintensity of the radiation used for the examination. Guidanceon selection of the detector subsystem may be found in GuideE1000 or Practice E1255.6.2.4 Image Processing SubsystemWhere agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the supplier, ima
29、ge processingsystems may be used for noise reduction through imageintegration or averaging, contrast enhancement, and otherimage processing operations. Users of digital image processingare cautioned to test image processing parameters thoroughlybefore use. For example, some spatial filter functions
30、producedirectional results and may suppress desired image informa-tion. Other spatial filters can introduce artifacts into the image.6.2.5 Image Display SubsystemSelection of the appropri-ate image display is critical to the transfer of image informationfrom the radioscopic system to the person maki
31、ng the accept-reject decision. The image display should be suitably sized andplaced in a controlled environment with subdued lighting tomaximize the transfer of image information to the radioscopicsystem operator.6.2.6 CollimationSelection of appropriate collimation isdependent on the geometry of th
32、e object being examined. It isgenerally useful to select collimation to limit the primaryradiation beam to the detector area or region of interest,whichever is smaller, thereby limiting scatter radiation in orderto improve radioscopic image quality.6.2.7 Filters and MaskingFilters and masking may be
33、used to improve image quality by alleviating contrast reduc-tions caused by low-energy scattered radiation. Guidance onthe use of filters and masking is provided in Guide E94.6.3 Location and Identification MarkersLead numbersand letters may be used to designate the part number andlocation number, a
34、s needed, provided they do not mask regionsof interest on the casting. On-part identification is not requiredwhere the manipulator is programmable or manipulator coor-dinates are provided as a means of ensuring that all regions ofinterest are covered. A video typewriter or similar device maybe used
35、to display location and identification informationelectronically. When identification is not provided on the part,the method of identification shall be documented in the recordsin accordance with Section 11.6.4 Areas that are considered impractical or very difficult toview (see 9.2), shall be marked
36、 in the Radioscopic ShootingSketch.6.5 Recording MediaRecording media for storage of ana-log or digital images shall be agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier. Guidance on selection and usage ofrecording media may be found in Practice E1255.E1734 16a27. System- and Product-Specific Qualif
37、ication7.1 System Performance MeasurementRadioscopic ex-amination system performance parameters must be determinedinitially and monitored regularly to ensure consistent results.The best measure of total radioscopic examination systemperformance can be made with the system in operation, usinga test o
38、bject similar to the test part under actual operatingconditions. This indicates the use of an actual or simulated testobject or calibration block containing actual or simulatedfeatures that must be detected reliably. Such a calibration blockwill provide a reliable indication of the radioscopic exami
39、na-tion systems capabilities. Conventional wire or plaque-typeimage quality indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or inaddition to, the simulated test object or calibration block.Radioscopic quality shall be specified in terms of equivalentpenetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and shall be measured us
40、ingimage quality indicators conforming to Practices E747, E1025,E1647,orE1742. In addition, if system unsharpness measure-ment is required, the Practice E2002 duplex wire gauge shallbe used. Performance measurement methods are subject toagreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radio-scopi
41、c examination services; if no special agreements are donethe performance shall be measured in accordance with 7.2.1,7.2.2, 7.2.3, or combinations thereof, Practice E1411 or Ap-pendix X1 of Practice E1255.7.1.1 Performance Measurement IntervalsSystem perfor-mance measurement techniques should be stan
42、dardized so thatperformance measurement tests may be duplicated readily atspecified intervals. Radioscopic examination performanceshould be evaluated at sufficiently frequent intervals, as may beagreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier of radio-scopic examination services, in order to mini
43、mize the possi-bility of time-dependent performance variations.7.2 Product-Specific QualificationSystem performanceshould be measured for production.7.2.1 Measurement with IQIsSystem performance mea-surements using IQIs shall be in accordance with acceptedindustry standards describing the use of IQI
44、s. The IQIs shouldbe placed on the radiation source side of the test object, asclose as possible to the region of interest. The use of wire IQIsshould also take into account the fact that the radioscopicexamination may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, in whichcase the wire diameter axis shall be or
45、iented along the systemsaxis of least sensitivity. Selection of IQI thickness should beconsistent with the test part radiation path length.7.2.2 Measurement with a Calibration BlockThe calibra-tion block may be an actual test part with known features thatare representative of the range of features t
46、o be detected, or itmay be fabricated to simulate the test object with a suitablerange of representative features. Alternatively, the calibrationblock may be a one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference testobject containing known imperfections that have been verifiedindependently. Calibration blocks
47、containing known, naturaldefects are useful on a single-task basis, but they are notuniversally applicable. A duplicate manufactured calibrationblock should be used where standardization among two ormore radioscopic examination systems is required. The cali-bration blocks should approximate the test
48、 object as closely asis practical, being made of the same material with similardimensions and features in the radioscopic examination regionof interest. Manufactured calibration blocks shall includefeatures at least as small as those that must be detected reliablyin the actual test object in locatio
49、ns where they are expected tooccur. It is permissible to produce the calibration block insections where features are internal to the test object. Calibra-tion block details are a matter of agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services.7.2.2.1 Use of a Calibration BlockThe calibration blockshall be placed in the radioscopic examination system in thesame position as the actual test object. The calibration blockmay be manipulated through the same range of motions as areavailable for the actual test object so as to maximize
