1、Designation: E2137 06 (Reapproved 2011)E2137 17Standard Guide forEstimating Monetary Costs and Liabilities for EnvironmentalMatters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2137; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this document is to provide a standard guide for good commercial and customa
3、ry practice inestimating costs and liabilities for environmental matters.2 Many possible uses for estimates of costs and liabilities forenvironmental matters exist, including but not limited to business decision making, communications and negotiations involvingchange of property ownership, making an
4、d portfolio optimization, due diligence and communications involving acquisitions anddivestitures, regulatory requirements, third-party lawsuits, insurance premium calculation and claim settlement, change of propertyuse, revitalization, compliance planning, construction, construction and project con
5、trol, analysis of remedial alternatives,budgeting, strategic planning, audit defense, financing, and investment analysis by shareholders. The use of estimated costs andliabilities developed in accordance with this standard may be subject to other standards applicable to the matter involved. Forexamp
6、le, it is not intended to supersede accounting and actuarial standards including those by the FinancialAccounting StandardsBoard and the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission. standards. This standard does not address the establishment of reservesor disclosure requirements.1.2 ObjectivesThe objectiv
7、e of this standard is to provide guidance on approaches for estimating costs and liabilities forenvironmental matters.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development
8、 of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents3,42.1 ASTM Standards:E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE1739 Guide for Risk-
9、Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release SitesE2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering ControlsE2107 Practice for Environmental Regulatory Compliance AuditsE2150 Classification for Life-Cycle
10、Environmental Work ElementsEnvironmental Cost Element StructureE2173 Guide for Disclosure of Environmental LiabilitiesE2205 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecological ResourcesE2345E2247 Practice for Investigating Electrical IncidentsEnvironmental Site Assessments: Phase I E
11、nvironmental SiteAssessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property (Withdrawn 2013)E2637 Guide for Utilizing the Environmental Cost Element Structure Presented by Classification E2150E2718 Guide for Financial Disclosures Attributed to Climate Change2.2 Other Document:EPA OSWER Directive 9610.17 Co
12、ncerning Use of Risk-Based Decision Making, 199561 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibilityof Subcommittee E50.05 on Environmental Risk Management.Current edition approved July 1, 20
13、11March 1, 2017. Published July 2011April 2017. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 asE2137 06.E2137 06(2011). DOI: 10.1520/E2137-11.10.1520/E2137-17.2 For the purposes of this standard, costs and values are defined as monetary estimates.3 Appendix X1 includes cit
14、ations for additional relevant documents and requirements from other organizations including FASB, SEC, and AICPA.GASB, PCAOB,FASAB, IASB, and SEC.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standard
15、svolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
16、adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
17、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accretionan increase to the present value of a liability solely due to the passage of time, normally a year; also knownas “unwinding the discount.”3.1.2 activity and use limitations (AULs)legal or physical restrictions or limi
18、tations on the use of, or access to, a site or facilityto eliminate or minimize potential exposures to chemicals of concern, or to prevent activities that could interfere with theeffectiveness of a response action, to ensure maintenance of a condition of “acceptable risk” or “no significant risk” to
19、 humanhealth and the environment. These legal or physical restrictions are intended to prevent adverse impacts to individuals orpopulations that may be exposed to chemicals of concern.3.1.3 allocation or allocated sharethe portion of cost or liability for which a party is responsible for payment orr
20、eimbursement.3.1.4 asset retirement obligationobligation (ARO)legal or constructive obligations associated with the retirement of atangible long-lived asset that result from the acquisition, construction, development, or normal operation of a tangible long-livedasset. Activities include (but are not
21、 limited to) demolition, decommissioning, decontamination, reclamation, restoration andabandonment.53.1.5 constructive obligationthe concept that past practice creates a valid expectation on the part of a third party.An exampleof this is a company policy to excavate underground storage tanks once re
22、moved from service.Also known as promissory estoppel.3.1.6 costs and liabilitieseconomic expenses, accrued liabilities, asset retirement obligations, and loss contingencies.3.1.7 dutyholderparty responsible for the costs and liabilities.3.1.8 environmental complianceoperations, permits, equipment, f
23、acilities, products, records, documentation, reports, training,procedures, inspections, certifications, monitoring, controls, or other conditions or activities that must conform to environmentalstatutes including, but not limited to, CAA, CWA, OPA, RCRA, CERCLA, TSCA, FIFRA, SDWA, and state and loca
24、l laws, aswell as any international jurisdictional requirements.3.1.9 estimatoran individual or entity that prepares and analyzes costs and liabilities.3.1.10 eventa condition or incident which occurred, or may occur, with respect to an environmental condition and/orenvironmental compliance issue, t
25、hat affects or leads to potential costs and liabilities. Examples of events include: a newrequirement for air emission controls (for example, NOx), a hazardous waste site that requires remediation, a claim for personalinjury related to an alleged environmental incident, or the need to comply with NP
26、DES standards as a result of a process change.3.1.11 fair valuean estimate of the price that could be received for an asset or paid to settle a liability in a current transactionbetween marketplace participants that are unrelated, knowledgeable about factors relevant to the liability and the transac
27、tion, able,and willing to transact in the reference market for the liability.63.1.12 legal obligationduty to carry out what the law or a contract states.3.1.13 liabilityan actual or potential obligation that may or may not be accrued. This includes legal obligations as well asconstructive obligation
28、s (promissory estoppel), and may also be in the form of commitments, guarantees or contingencies.3.1.14 obligating eventa past outcome which confirmed a financially recognizable obligation.73.1.15 orphan shareliability assigned to a PRP that cannot be located or that is insolvent, or the liability a
29、ssociated withpollutants which cannot be attributed to a PRP.3.1.16 potentially responsible party (PRP)any individual, legal entity, or governmentincluding owners, operators,transporters, or generatorspotentially responsible for, or contributing to, the environmental impacts at an event.3.1.17 recog
30、nition benchmarkstages in the assessment and remediation process which create the expectation of a morecomprehensive or robust estimate.83.1.18 studiesinvestigations such as regulatory interpretations and applicability studies, compliance analysis, environmentalregulatory compliance audits, operatin
31、g scenarios study, engineering design and analysis, cost estimation, process hazard analysis,modeling, communication plans, preliminary investigation, sampling and analysis, site assessment, site characterization, Phase Iand II studies, remedial action plan, remedial investigation, contamination ass
32、essment report, feasibility study, risk assessment,treatability study, ecological impact assessment, environmental impact report, work plans, ASTM Risk-Based Corrective Action(RBCA) analysis, RCRA facility investigation, RCRA facility assessment, report of waste discharge, corrective measures study,
33、corrective action report, health and safety plan, quality assurance plan, and other studies.5 The last approved version of this historical standard isSee FASB ASC 410-20 and GASB 18 references in Appendix X1referenced on www.astm.org6 Available from U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, 1200 Pennsylv
34、aniaAvenue, NWWashington,See FASBASC 820, GASB 72, and IFRS 13 references in AppendixX1DC 204607 See GASB 49:11 references in Appendix X1.8 See GASB 49:12-13 and ASC 410-30-25-15 references in Appendix X1.E2137 1723.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 AICPAAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants.3.2.2 ASCAc
35、counting Standards Codification3.2.3 AULsActivity and Use Limitations.3.2.4 CAAClean Air Act.3.2.5 CERCLAComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (as amended, 42 USCSection 9601 et seq.).3.2.6 CWAClean Water Act.3.2.7 EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agen
36、cy.3.2.8 EVexpected value; an estimate of the weighted mean value of an unknown quantity that represents a probability-weighted average over the range of all possible values.3.2.9 FAFFinancial Accounting Foundation.3.2.10 FASABFederal Accounting Standards Advisory Board3.2.11 FASBFinancial Accountin
37、g Standards Board.Board, a part of FAF.3.2.12 FIFRAFederal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.3.2.13 GAAPGenerally accepted accounting principles.3.2.14 GASBGovernment Accounting Standards Board, a part of FAF.3.2.15 MLVmost likely value.3.2.16 NPDESnational pollutant discharge elimination s
38、ystem.3.2.17 OPAOil Pollution Act.3.2.18 PCAOBPublic Company Accounting Oversight Board.3.2.19 PRPpotentially responsible party.3.2.20 RBCARisk-based corrective action.3.2.21 RCRAResource Conservation and Recovery Act (as amended 42 USC Section 6901 et seq.).3.2.22 SDWASafe Drinking Water Act.3.2.23
39、 SECSecurities and Exchange Commission.3.2.24 TSCAToxic Substances Control Act.4. Significance and Use4.1 UseThe standard is intended for use on a voluntary basis by an estimator of costs and liabilities for environmental matters.The user may elect to apply this standard for any or all uses outlined
40、 in the Purpose. Application of this standard for one use doesnot compel application of the standard for all or any other use.4.2 PrinciplesThe following principles are an integral part of this standard and should be used to resolve ambiguity or disputeregarding the interpretation of estimated costs
41、 and liabilities for environmental matters.4.2.1 Caution When Repurposing EstimatesThe estimator should exercise care when repurposing an estimate generated forone objective and audience. For example, an estimator may use the expected value approach on a given cost and liability, and findthat the “f
42、inancial assurance estimate” uses unique financial assumptions (inflation, discount rate, time horizon) specified by a stateregulator, while a “project controls” or “reserve” forecast for the very same cost and liability - will use differing financial factors.4.2.2 Uncertainty Not EliminatedEven tho
43、ugh an estimate of costs and liabilities for environmental matters is prepared inaccordance with this standard, uncertainty remains with regard to, among other things, the resolution of contractual, technological,regulatory, legislative, and judicial issues, which could affect the costs and liabilit
44、ies. However, inherent uncertainty in estimatesshould not prevent an estimate from being made.4.2.3 Periodic Review of Assumptions and EstimatesAssumptions underlying these estimates should be reviewed periodicallyreviewed, documented and periodically analyzed for the purpose of incorporating additi
45、onal information that may becomeavailable. new information. There is a preference for current information over historical assumptions if the current information iscomprehensive and comparable. Subsequent improvements in estimates should be made as more information becomes available,or as recognition
46、 benchmarks or obligating eventsFor example, changes in occur. For example, for remediation of an individualsite, such assumptions include changes to the conceptual site model; contaminant concentration data found in soil, groundwater,air and sediments; the selection of different remedial technologi
47、es; the indication of a preferred alternative by the governingagency; the weighting of alternatives; the probability of failure of a remedial technology to achieve the desired outcome in the timeanticipated; the probability of accelerated or delayed enforcement; the probability of a compressed remed
48、ial construction timetable;the explicit or implied value of impacted drinking water, wetlands, and other natural resources; changes to the default values ofE2137 173fines and penalties and their associated tax consequences; and the ability to pay of PRPsregulatory requirements, technology, orother c
49、ounterparties. Changes in available information such as contaminant data, market prices, regulatory requirements,precedential court findings, technology, counterparty ability to pay, dutyholder ability to pay, property use, inflation, inflation anddiscount rates, or other issues may affect the basis for the estimates, therefore necessitating revisions. (See Appendix X4 forexamples of aggregation of portfolio-wide assumptions and metrics.)4.2.4 Comparison with Subsequent EstimatesSubsequent estimates based on additional i
