1、Designation: E2230 08E2230 13 An American National StandardStandard Practice forThermal Qualification of Type B Packages for RadioactiveMaterial1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice defines detailed methods for thermal qualification of “Type B” radioact
3、ive materials packages under Title 10,Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71 (10CFR71) in the United States or, under International Atomic Energy Agency RegulationTS-R-1. Under these regulations, packages transporting what are designated to be Type B quantities of radioactive material shallbe demonstr
4、ated to be capable of withstanding a sequence of hypothetical accidents without significant release of contents.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate saf
5、ety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required fo
6、r fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology
7、of Fire StandardsIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) The Modernized Metric System2.2 Federal Standard:Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71 (10CFR71), Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material, United StatesGovernment Printing Office, October 1, 20042.3 Nuclear Reg
8、ulatory Commission Standards:Standard Format and Content of Part 71 Applications for Approval of Packaging of Type B Large Quantity and FissileRadioactive Material, Regulatory Guide 7.9, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, United States GovernmentPrinting Office, 1986Standard Review Plan fo
9、r Transportation of Radioactive Materials, NUREG-1609, United States Nuclear RegulatoryCommission, United States Government Printing Office, May 19992.4 International Atomic Energy Agency Standards:Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, No. TS-R-1, (IAEA ST-1 Revised) Internatio
10、nal Atomic EnergyAgency, Vienna, Austria, 1996Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, No. ST-2, (IAEA ST-2) International Atomic Energy Agency,Vienna, Austria, 19962.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard:Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Facilities,
11、 NQA-1, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NewYork, 20011 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transportation.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008April 1, 2013. Published September 2008April
12、 2013. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asE223002.08. DOI: 10.1520/E2230-08.10.1520/E2230-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume informa
13、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depi
14、ct all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
15、28-2959. United States12.6 International Organization for Standards (ISO) Standard:ISO 9000:2000, Quality Management SystemsFundamentals and Vocabulary, International Organization for Standards (ISO),Geneva, Switzerland, 20003. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test met
16、hod refer to the terminology contained in Terminology E176 andISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hypothetical accident conditions, na series of accident environments, defined by regulation,
17、that a Type B package mustsurvive without significant loss of contents.3.2.2 insolation, nsolar energy incident on the surface of a package.3.2.3 normal conditions of transport, na range of conditions, defined by regulation, that a package must withstand duringnormal usage.3.2.4 regulatory hydrocarb
18、on fire, na fire environment, one of the hypothetical accident conditions, defined by regulation, thata package shall survive for 30 min without significant release of contents.3.2.5 thermal qualification, nthe portion of the certification process for a radioactive materials transportation package t
19、hatincludes the submittal, review, and approval of a Safety Analysis Report for Packages (SARP) through an appropriate regulatoryauthority, and which demonstrates that the package meets the thermal requirements stated in the regulations.3.2.6 Type B package, na transportation package that is license
20、d to carry what the regulations define to be a Type B quantityof a specific radioactive material or materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This document outlines four methods for meeting the thermal qualification requirements: qualification by analysis, pool firetesting, furnace testing, and radiant he
21、at testing. The choice of the certification method for a particular package is based ondiscussions between the package suppliers and the appropriate regulatory authorities prior to the start of the qualification process.Factors that influence the choice of method are package size, construction and c
22、ost, as well as hazards associated with certificationprocess. Environmental factors such as air and water pollution are increasingly a factor in choice of qualification method. Specificbenefits and limitations for each method are discussed in the sections covering the particular methods.4.2 The comp
23、lete hypothetical accident condition sequence consists of a drop test, a puncture test, and a 30-min hydrocarbonfire test, commonly called a pool fire test, on the package. Submersion tests on undamaged packages are also required, and smallerpackages are also required to survive crush tests that sim
24、ulate handling accidents. Details of the tests and test sequences are givenin the regulations cited. This document focuses on thermal qualification, which is similar in both the U.S. and IAEA regulations.A summary of important differences is included as Appendix X3 to this document. The overall ther
25、mal test requirements aredescribed generally in Part 71.73 of 10CFR71 and in Section VII of TS-R-1.Additional guidance on thermal tests is also includedin IAEA ST-2.4.3 The regulatory thermal test is intended to simulate a 30-min exposure to a fully engulfing pool fire that occurs if atransportation
26、 accident involves the spill of large quantities of hydrocarbon fuels from a tank truck or similar vehicle. Theregulations are “mode independent” meaning that they are intended to cover packages for a wide range of transportation modessuch as truck and rail.5. Significance and Use5.1 The major objec
27、tive of this practice is to provide a common reference document for both applicants and certificationauthorities on the accepted practices for accomplishing package thermal qualification. Details and methods for accomplishingqualification are described in this document in more specific detail than a
28、vailable in the regulations. Methods that have been shownby experience to lead to successful qualification are emphasized. Possible problems and pitfalls that lead to unsatisfactory resultsare also described.5.2 The work described in this standard practice shall be done under a quality assurance pro
29、gram that is accepted by theregulatory authority that certifies the package for use. For packages certified in the United States, 10 CFR 71 Subpart H shall beused as the basis for the quality assurance (QA) program, while for international certification, ISO 9000 usually defines theappropriate progr
30、am. The quality assurance program shall be in place and functioning prior to the initiation of any physical oranalytical testing activities and prior to submittal of any information to the certifying authority.5.3 The unit system (SI metric or English) used for thermal qualification shall be agreed
31、upon prior to submission of informationto the certification authority. If SI units are to be standard, then use IEEE/ASTM SI-10. Additional units given in parentheses arefor information purposes only.E2230 132TEST METHODS6. General Information6.1 In preparing a SafetyAnalysis Report for Packaging (S
32、ARP), the normal transport and accident thermal conditions specifiedin 10CFR71 or IAEATS-R-1 shall be addressed. For approval in the United States, reports addressing the thermal issues shall beincluded in a SARP prepared according to the format described in Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regul
33、atory Guide 7.9.Upon review, a package is considered qualified if material temperatures are within acceptable limits, temperature gradients leadto acceptable thermal stresses, the cavity gas pressure is within design limits, and safety features continue to function over theentire temperature range.
34、Test initial conditions vary with regulation, but are intended to give the most unfavorable normal ambienttemperature for the feature under consideration, and corresponding internal pressures are usually at the maximum normal valuesunless a lower pressure is shown to be more unfavorable. Depending o
35、n the regulation used, the ambient air temperature is in the-29C (-20F) to 38C (100F) range. Normal transport requirements include a maximum air temperature of 38C (100F),insolation, and a cold temperature of -40C (-40F). Regulations also include a maximum package surface temperatures forpersonnel p
36、rotection of 50C (122F). See Appendix X3 for clarification of differences between U.S. and international regulations.6.2 Hypothetical accident thermal requirements stated in Part 71.73 or IAEA TS-R-1, Section VII call for a 30 min exposureof the entire container to a radiation environment of 800C (1
37、475F) with a flame emissivity of 0.9. The surface emissivity of thepackage shall be 0.8 or the package surface value, whichever is greater. With temperatures and emissivities stated in thespecification, the basic laws of radiation heat transfer permit direct calculation of the resulting radiant heat
38、 flux to a packagesurface. This means that what appears at first glance to be a flame or furnace temperature specification is in reality a heat fluxspecification for testing. Testing shall be conducted with this point in mind.6.3 Two definitions of flame emissivity exist, and this causes confusion d
39、uring the qualification process. Siegel and Howell,2001, provide the textbook definition for a cloud of hot soot particles representing a typical flame zone in open pool fires. In thisdefinition the black body emissive power of the flame, T4, is multiplied by the flame emissivity, , in order to acco
40、unt for the factthat soot clouds in flames behave as if they were weak black body emitters. A second definition of flame emissivity, often usedfor package analysis, assumes that the flame emissivity, , is the surface emissivity of a large, high-temperature, gray-body surfacethat both emits and refle
41、cts energy and completely surrounds the package under analysis. The second definition leads to slightlyhigher (conservative) heat fluxes to the package surface, and also leads to a zero heat flux as the package surface reaches the firetemperature. For the first definition, the heat flux falls to zer
42、o while the package surface is somewhat below the fire temperature.For package qualification, use of the second definition is often more convenient, especially with computer codes that modelsurface-to-surface thermal radiation, and is usually permitted by regulatory authorities.6.4 Convective heat t
43、ransfer from moving air at 800C shall also be included in the analysis of the hypothetical accidentcondition. Convection correlations shall be chosen to conform to the configuration (vertical or horizontal, flat or curved surface)that is used for package transport. Typical flow velocities for combus
44、tion gases measured in large fires range are in the 1 to 10 m/srange with mean velocities near the middle of that range (see Schneider and Kent, 1989, Gregory, et al, 1987, and Koski, et al,1996). No external non-natural cooling of the package after heat input is permitted after the fire event, and
45、combustion shallproceed until it stops naturally. During the fire, effects of solar radiation are often neglected for analysis and test purposes.6.5 For purposes of analysis, the hypothetical accident thermal conditions are specified by the surface heat flux values. Peakregulatory heat fluxes for lo
46、w surface temperatures typically range from 55 to 65 kW/m2. Convective heat transfer from air isestimated from convective heat transfer correlations, and contributes of 15 to 20 % of the total heat flux. The value of 15 to 20 %value is consistent with experimental estimates. Recent versions of the r
47、egulations specify moving, hot air for convectioncalculations, and an appropriate forced convection correlation shall be used in place of the older practice that assumed still airconvection. A further discussion of heat flux values is provided in 7.2.6.6 While 10CFR71 or TS-R-1 values represent typi
48、cal package average heat fluxes in pool fires, large variations in heat fluxdepending on both time and location have been observed in actual pool fires. Local heat fluxes as high as 150 kW/m2 under lowwind conditions are routinely observed for low package surface temperatures. For high winds, heat f
49、luxes as high as 400 kW/m2are observed locally. Local flux values are a function of several parameters, including height above the pool. Thus the size, shape,and construction of the package affects local heat flux conditions. Designers shall keep the possible differences between thehypothetical accident and actual test conditions in mind during the design and testing process. These differences explain someunpleasant surprises such as localized high seal or cargo temperatures that have occurred during the testing process.6.7 For proper testing, good simulat
