1、Designation: E2558 09Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in LowMass Wood-Burning Fireplaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emiss
3、ions fromwood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not
4、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
5、2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 base of fire
6、place, nthe lowest part of the fireplaceassembly that would normally be in contact with the floor ofthe dwelling or structure in which it is installed.3.2.2 Douglas fir, nuntreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber with agency grade stamp: D. Fir or DouglasFir.3.2.3 firebox, nthe volume w
7、ithin the fireplace where logsare burned.3.2.4 first fuel crib, nthe first fuel load (including fuelpieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on the residualfuel from the kindling brands. The specific configuration isdescribed in 9.3.5.3.3.2.5 fuel piece, n2 3 4or43 4 wood pieces used toconstr
8、uct fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width anddepth dimensions for commonly available dimensional lumber.The actual dimensions are 38 3 89 mm (112 3 312 in.) and89 3 89 mm (312 3 312 in.).3.2.6 grate, nany device included with the fireplace orspecified by the fireplace manufacturer for the pu
9、rpose ofelevating the fuel load above the hearth or for constraining fuelpieces from falling outside the intended burning area, or both.This includes basket grates and andirons.3.2.7 hearth, nthe footprint of the fireplace firebox.3.2.8 kindling brands, nthe initial fuel load or loadsplaced above cr
10、umpled newspaper to initiate combustion in thefireplace and to establish a charcoal bed that will become theignition source for subsequent fuel loads. These are comprisedof fuel strips separated by air spaces. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.4.3.2.9 low mass fireplace, nany fireplace a
11、nd attachedchimney that can be weighed (including the weight of the testfuel) on a platform scale that meets the requirements asspecified in 7.3 and 8.2.3.2.10 nominal fuel length, nthe Nominal Fuel Length(NFL) is one of five incremental nominal fuel piece lengthsthat simulates real-world firewood f
12、ive piece lengths. Theselengths are 406 mm (16 in.), 457 mm (18 in.), 508 mm (20 in.),559 mm (22 in.), and 610 mm (24 in.). The NFL is used forboth the kindling brands and fuel cribs.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct respon
13、sibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2558 08. DOI:10.1520/E2558-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
14、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.11 particulate m
15、atter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE2515.3.2.12 second fuel crib, nthe second fuel load (includingfuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on theresidual fuel from the
16、 first fuel crib. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.5.2.3.2.13 spacers, nwood pieces used to hold individual fuelpieces together when constructing the three fuel cribs. Theirfunction is to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and airspaces between fuel pieces, as well as to hold the f
17、uel cribstogether (with nails).3.2.14 standardized fuel retainer, nany fireplace thatdoesnt include or specify a grate as defined in 3.2.6 shall usea standardized fuel retainer during testing. These retainers shallinclude vertical fuel retainer bars that are made from19 3 19 mm (0.75 3 0.75 in.) ste
18、el square bar or 19 mm (0.75in.) diameter round steel bar and shall be 200 6 50 mm (8 6 2in.) high. They shall be attached to a steel plate that projectstoward the front of the fireplace and shall not interfere with anyfireplace function. They shall be spaced so they are300 6 13 mm (12 612 in.) apar
19、t. Their purpose is to preventfuel from rolling or falling forward during testing, thus helpingto prevent an aborted test. (See Fig. 1.)3.2.15 test facility, nthe area in which the tested fireplaceis installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.16 third fuel crib, nthe third and final fuel loa
20、d(including fuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placedon the residual fuel from the second fuel crib. The specificconfiguration is described in 9.3.5.3.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The fireplace under evaluation is fueled withk
21、indling and cribs in a way that simulates fireplace operation inthe home. An algorithm that uses the specific configuration ofthe test fireplace, including hearth and grate dimensions, isused to determine the kindling and fuel crib geometry anddimensions. Kindling brands are placed in the fireplace
22、abovecrumpled newspaper and ignited. When the kindling brandshave burned to a certain point, the first fuel crib is placed on theremains of the kindling. When the first crib is substantiallyburned, the remaining material is adjusted as needed to form abase for the second crib. This process is repeat
23、ed again beforeaddition of the third crib. The third crib is allowed to burn untilall flaming from volatile material in the fuel ceases, at whichpoint the test is terminated. Burn rate is determined based onthe amount of fuel added less the amount remaining at the endof the test divided by the lengt
24、h of test and corrected to a dryfuel basis. Particulate sampling begins at the time of ignition ofthe newspaper and stops when the test terminates. The totalparticulate emissions are determined over the test period. Theparticulate emissions factor is then determined from the totalemissions and the t
25、otal amount of fuel burned and is reportedin grams of particulate per dry kilogram of fuel or grams ofparticulate per hour.4.2 If the test fireplace includes standard (or offers optional)components that affect particulate emission performance andthat have more than one operating position or conditio
26、nallowed in the owners manual that accompanies the fireplace,separate emissions tests may be required for each of the variouspositions or conditions that are allowed in the manual. Thismight include things like door open and door closed operation,for example. (See 9.4.14-9.4.16.)5. Significance and
27、Use5.1 This test method is used for determining emissionfactors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fire-places.5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air qualityregulatory community for
28、determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining impacts on air qualityfrom fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patternsmust be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulatema
29、tter impacts from fireplaces based on results from thismethod.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilo-gram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour.5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom non-heating appliances: g/kg.FIG. 1 Example, Standardized Fuel Reta
30、inerE2558 0925.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in:g/h.6. Safety6.1 DisclaimerThis test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notaddress all of the safety problems a
31、ssociated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrated electrical re
32、sistancemeter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 %moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.1.7.2 Test Fuel ScaleA scale capable of weighing test fuelto within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.3.7.3 Platform ScaleA
33、 scale capable of weighing the testfireplace and attached chimney, including the weight of the testfuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.2.7.4 Fireplace Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolatedjunction
34、 Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 2C (3.6F). Must meetcalibration requirements specified in 8.4.7.5 Fireplace Temperature Measuring DeviceA tempera-ture sensor capable of measuring firebox surface temperatureswith an accuracy of 2C (3.6F). Must meet ca
35、librationrequirements specified in 8.4.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrate as in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions before each certification test.8.2 Platform ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the
36、platformscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the
37、expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1 % of the expected testfuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational range of the
38、 scale.8.3 Test Fuel ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuelscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the wood heate
39、r in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb) or1%oftheexpectedtest fuel charge weight, whichever is gr
40、eater, recalibrate thescale before use with at least five calibration weights spanningthe operational range of the scale.8.4 Temperature SensorsTemperature measuring equip-ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be National Institute ofSt
41、andards and Technology (NIST) traceable and demonstrateaccuracy of 62C (3.6F).9. Procedure9.1 Preconditioning of the FireplacePrior to testing foremissions, the fireplace to be evaluated must be burned untilthe weight of the fireplace is stable to within 60.25 kg(60.5 lb) but for no less than 10 h.
42、This may be done inside oroutside the test facility.9.1.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the base of the fireplace shall be 4.6 60.3 m (15 6 1 ft).9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device
43、atthe center of the flue, 2.4 6 0.1 m (8 6 0.3 ft) above the baseof the fireplace.9.1.3 Record the start time, fireplace weight, and flue gastemperature.9.1.4 Ignite a fire using newspaper and kindling and estab-lish an actively burning fire.Add more fuel as needed to sustainthe fire.NOTE 1Any type
44、of untreated wood may be used for the precondi-tioning.9.1.5 Record the time and weight for all fuel added.9.1.6 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once duringeach 30 min of operation.9.1.7 Periodically allow the fire to burn down completely.While the fireplace is still warm, shovel out all re
45、sidual fuel,ash and other debris, lift the fireplace off the scale, re-zero thescale and return the fireplace to scale. Record the empty weightof the fireplace. Repeat this process of burning the fireplaceand determining the empty weight until the weight becomesstable in accordance to the requiremen
46、ts of 9.1.9.1.8 When the fireplace weight has stabilized or after 10hours of preconditioning fires, which ever is longer, record theending time, total wood weight of wood burned, and totalelapsed time of operation.9.1.9 Allow the fireplace to cool to room temperature andremove all unburned wood, cha
47、rcoal, ash, or other debris fromthe firebox.9.1.10 Clean the chimney using a standard chimney brushappropriately sized for the chimney.9.2 Install the fireplace in the test facility.9.2.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. Use the chimney type suppliedo
48、r specified by the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the base of the fireplace shall be 4.6 60.3 m (15 6 1 ft). Do not install a chimney cap.NOTE 2The chimney that is used for testing should be documented inthe test data and test report.E2558 0939.2.2 Center the flue outlet
49、 (chimney) under the dilutiontunnel hood. Refer to Test Method E2515 for specific require-ments including positioning the flue outlet to meet induceddraft and smoke capture requirements.9.2.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 2.4 6 0.1 m (8 6 0.3 ft) above the baseof the fireplace.9.3 Fuel:9.3.1 Fuel Properties:9.3.1.1 The fuel is untreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber.9.3.1.2 Fuel MoistureThe fuel moisture shall be measuredusing a fuel moisture meter as specified in 7.1. Moist
