1、Designation: E2893 161Standard Guide forGreener Cleanups1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2893; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the ye
2、ar of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe adjunct order number for the X2. Technical Summary Form in Writable PDF format was editorially cor-rected (see 2.4) in January 2017.1. Scope1.1 Cleaning up sites improves envir
3、onmental and publichealth conditions and as such can be viewed as “green.”However, cleanup activities use energy, water, and naturalresources. The process of cleanup therefore creates its ownenvironmental footprint. This guide describes a process forevaluating and implementing activities to reduce t
4、he environ-mental footprint of a cleanup project in the United States whileworking within the applicable regulatory framework and sat-isfying all applicable legal requirements.1.2 This guide may also be used as a process for sites thatare not located in the United States; however, the specific legal
5、references are not applicable.1.3 This guide describes a process for identifying,evaluating, and incorporating best management practices(BMPs) and, when deemed appropriate, for integrating aquantitative evaluation into a cleanup to reduce its environ-mental footprint.1.4 This guide is designed to be
6、 implemented in conjunctionwith any cleanup framework and should be used with othertechnical tools, guidance, policy, laws, and regulations tointegrate greener cleanup practices, processes, and technolo-gies into cleanup projects.1.5 This guide provides a process for evaluating and imple-menting act
7、ivities to reduce the environmental footprint of acleanup and is not designed to instruct users on how to cleanup contaminated sites.1.6 ASTM also has a guide on Integrating SustainableObjectives into Cleanup (E2876). That guide provides a broadframework for integrating elements of environmental,eco
8、nomic, and social aspects into cleanups. This guide mayprovide assistance with implementing E2876 and other sustain-able remediation guidance, such as Holland, et al. (2011)(1).1.7 This guide specifically applies to the cleanup, not theredevelopment, of a site. However, the reasonably anticipateduse
9、 of a site, if known, may influence the cleanup goals andscope.1.8 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid,minimize, or delay implementation of specific cleanup activi-ties. Nor should this guide be used as a justification forselecting cleanup activities that compromise stakeholder
10、 inter-ests or goals for the site.1.9 This guide does not supersede federal, state, or localregulations relating to protection of human health and theenvironment. No action taken in connection with implementingthis guide should generate unacceptable risks to human healthor the environment.1.10 This
11、guide may be integrated into complementarystandards, site-specific regulatory documents, guidelines, orcontractual agreements relating to sustainable or greener clean-ups.1.10.1 If the cleanup is governed by a regulatory program,the user should discuss with the regulator responsible for thesite how
12、this guide could be incorporated into the cleanup andwhether the regulator deems it appropriate for the user to reportthe process and results to the regulatory program.1.10.2 The contractual relationship or legal obligationsexisting between and among the parties associated with a siteor site cleanup
13、 are beyond the scope of this guide.1.11 This guide is composed of the following sections:Referenced Documents (Section 2); Terminology (Section 3);Significance and Use (Section 4); Planning and Scoping(Section 5); BMP Process (Section 6); Quantitative Evaluation(Section 7); Documentation and Report
14、ing (Section 8); andKeywords (Section 9).1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct
15、responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallypublished in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2893131. DOI:10.1520/E2893-16E01Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Org
17、anization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice for Environmental
18、 Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineering ControlsE2876 Guide for Integrating Sustainable Objectives intoCleanup2.2 USEPA Documents:3USEPA, Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice,
19、EPA/600/R-06/060 (May 2006)USEPA, Green Remediation: Best Management Practicesfor Excavation and Surface Restoration, EPA 542-F-08-012 (December 2008)USEPA, Principles for Greener Cleanups (August 2009a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Pump and Treat Technologies, EPA 542-F-09-00
20、5(December 2009b)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Site Investigation, EPA 542-F-09-004 (December2009c)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Bioremediation, EPA 542-F-10-006 (March 2010a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Soil Vapor Extraction ther
21、efore, generally theuser should not eliminate BMPs by BMP category. TheGreener Cleanup BMP Table identifies the BMP category thatbest applies to each BMP. These BMPs are organized into thefollowing BMP categories: (1) Project Planning and TeamManagement; (2) Sampling and Analysis; (3) Materials; (4)
22、Vehicles and Equipment; (5) Site Preparation and Land Res-toration; (6) Buildings; (7) Power and Fuel; (8) Surface andStorm Water; and (9) Residual Solid and Liquid Waste.3.1.4 BMP processa systematic protocol to identify,prioritize, select, implement, and document the use of BMPs toreduce the envir
23、onmental footprint of cleanup activities.3.1.5 cleanupthe range of activities that may occur toaddress releases of contaminants at a site from the initiation ofsite assessment activities to achievement of no further cleanup.The environmental remediation industry also refers to cleanupas remediation
24、or corrective action.3.1.6 cleanup phasethe segments of a cleanup project thattake place from the initiation of site assessment to achievement2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
25、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Federal Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC20004, http:/www.epa.gov.4Available from International Organizatio
26、n for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Appendix X2 for E2893 Technical Summary Form in Writable PDF formatavailable from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE289301B-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 2014. Ad
27、junct last revised in2016.6Appendix X3 for E2893 BMP Table in Excel Format available from ASTMInternational Headquarters. OrderAdjunct No. ADJE289302A-EA. Original adjunctproduced in 2014. Adjunct last revised in 2016.E2893 1612of no further cleanup. This guide divides a cleanup project intothe foll
28、owing five segments: site assessment; remedy selection;remedy design/implementation; operation, maintenance, andmonitoring; and remedy optimization. This terminology isgenerally consistent with standard industry terminology, butdoes not conform to every environmental cleanup program.3.1.7 CERCLAthe
29、Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601et seq., as amended, the primary federal statute that governs theimposition of liability for environmental cleanups. CERCLA iscommonly referred to as Superfund.3.1.8 contaminanta hazardous substance, petroleumproduct
30、, or other chemical that may pose a threat to humanhealth or the environment when present in environmentalmedia.3.1.9 core elementsfor purposes of this guide, five factorsrepresenting key areas for potentially reducing the environmen-tal footprint of a site cleanup. These factors are: minimize total
31、energy use and maximize use of renewable energy; minimizeair pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions; minimize wateruse and impacts to water resources; reduce, reuse, and recyclematerials and waste; and protect land and ecosystems.3.1.10 disturbance of vegetationremoval, cutting, or al-teration of p
32、lants, bushes, or canopy trees, particularly thosethat are mature, non-invasive, native species that provide foodsources, micro-climates, nesting areas, or refuge supportingindigenous flora and fauna.3.1.11 emissionsthe discharge of a contaminant to air.However, in the context of life cycle assessme
33、nt (LCA) andfootprint analysis, this term refers to discharges to air, water,and soil, including site contaminants as well as discharges nottypically considered contaminants in site cleanup such aswater, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.3.1.12 environmental footprinta qualitative or quantitat
34、iveestimate of various environmental contributions of a cleanupphase or activity to the core elements. A quantitative environ-mental footprint may be obtained through either a footprintanalysis or LCA. Appendix X4 provides further clarification onthe use of footprint analysis and LCA.3.1.13 environm
35、ental lawany federal, state, or localstatute, regulation, or ordinance relating to: the protection ofthe environment; pollution, investigation, or restoration of theenvironment or natural resources; or the handling,management, use, presence, transportation, processing,disposal, release, or threatene
36、d release of any contaminant.The term environmental law in the United States includes, butis not limited to, CERCLA, RCRA, and TSCA.3.1.14 final cleanup goalsthe objectives established toaddress contaminants at a site by a regulatory agency orthrough a voluntary cleanup program that, when met, prote
37、cthuman health and the environment. Users should review theapplicable cleanup program for more information on establish-ing final cleanup goals at a particular site.3.1.15 footprint analysisa quantitative estimate of anenvironmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity. Theanalysis entails the
38、compilation of inputs and outputs toestimate potential contributions (that is, emissions or resourceuse) to the core elements.Afootprint analysis may include rawmaterial acquisition, materials manufacturing, and transporta-tion related to the cleanup, in addition to on-site construction,implementati
39、on, monitoring, and decommissioning. Resultsfrom a footprint analysis are typically reported as emissions(for example, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide equivalents, ortotal hazardous air pollutants) or resource use (for example,water, energy, or materials use) organized in terms of the fivecore eleme
40、nts.3.1.15.1 Discussionthere are two fundamental differencesbetween footprint analysis and LCA: (1) an LCA typicallyconsiders the full life cycle of the components of a cleanupphase or activity. In contrast, a footprint analysis may considerthe full life cycle of the components of a cleanup phase or
41、activity, but more commonly selects abbreviated boundaries;and (2) results from an LCA are described in terms of humanhealth and environmental impacts whereas the results from afootprint analysis are reported in terms of quantities ofemissions and resource use, without taking the next step toevaluat
42、e the human health and environmental impacts fromthose emissions and resource use.3.1.16 greener cleanupthe incorporation of practices,processes, and technologies into cleanup activities with thegoal of reducing impacts to the environment through reduceddemands on natural resources and decreased emi
43、ssions to theenvironment. A greener cleanup considers the five coreelements, while protecting human health and the environment.In the environmental remediation industry, this term is usedinterchangeably with green cleanup, green remediation, andgreener remediation.3.1.17 greenhouse gasesvaporous con
44、stituents of theearths atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorband emit radiation at specific wavelengths, including carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.3.1.17.1 Discussioncarbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide have be
45、en the main focus of greenhouse gas emissionevaluations within the environmental remediation industry.3.1.18 guidea compendium of information or series ofoptions that does not recommend a specific course of action. Aguide increases the awareness of information and approachesin a given subject area.3
46、.1.19 habitatthe physical and natural environment, in-cluding niche environments (micro-habitats) that support localindigenous species and related supporting vegetation, foodsources, areas for nesting and refuge, soils, and hydrology; andlarger environmental features (macro-habitats), such as a bank
47、on a waterway or vegetated, open, wildlife corridors forforaging and natural migration. Areas of habitat may be usedtemporarily by species and timing of a disturbance mayminimize impact.3.1.20 hazardous substancea substance defined as a haz-ardous substance pursuant to CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9601(14),as
48、interpreted by EPA regulations.3.1.21 impact categoryan LCA term representing a com-pilation of different emissions or other metrics, such asE2893 1613resource use, that contribute to a specific environmental orhealth effect. Examples of impact categories are globalwarming, aquatic acidification, sm
49、og formation, and respira-tory effects. Some emissions and resource use contribute tomore than one impact category.3.1.22 lead environmental professionalfor the purposes ofthis guide, a person possessing sufficient education, training,and experience to: (1) meet the requirements set forth inPractice E1527 Standard Practice for Environmental SiteAssessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process(2) exercise professional judgment regarding the evaluationand implementation of BMPs for the cleanup phases beingaddressed by this guide, and, if ap
