1、Designation: F 221 98 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Paper and Inked Ribbon Products and Images MadeTherefrom1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 221; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This set of definitions is intended for use by users ofcarbon paper, inked ribbons and images
3、made therefrom, sothat they will be able to better understand the terminology usedby others in the field.2. Terminologyacceptance rangea relative range of variation in impactpressure and release characteristic over which the imageacceptor media will receive an image of specified quality.accuracy (as
4、 distinguished from precision)the degree ofconformity of a measured or calculated value to somerecognized standard or specified value. This concept in-volves the systematic error of an operation, which is seldomnegligible. (E 380)angle of inclinationan angle at which the test sheet andsupporting bas
5、e are inclined from the horizontal. (F 254)archival qualitythe ability of a print to retain specifiedcharacteristics and legibility over a period of use and storageunder specified conditions.backgroundthe reflectance of the receptor virgin surface.bleed of imagespread or diffusion of an image with t
6、ime.bleeding of coatingthe diffusion of coloring matter througha substrate from the coating, or to copy paper from thecoating.blockingthe tendency for coated sheets to stick togetherunder pressure. (F 335)burn-off papersmaterials sensitive to and that will producean image by electric current.carbon
7、or carbon sheetsee carbon paper.carbon papera sheet composed of a supporting substrate onone or both sides of which is a coating containing atransferable (usually colored) material. The coating is ofsuch nature that it will transfer in part or entirely to a copysheet at the point of pressure contact
8、. (F 129)carbon tissuea substrate manufactured for use in the pro-duction of carbon paper.cartridgea case containing an inked ribbon correction rib-bon, or dry ink toner for insertion into an image producingdevice.cassettesee cartridge.chemical reaction paperspapers that produce a visibleimage by th
9、e reaction of relatively colorless materials whichcome into contact under pressure.cleanlinessthe degree of freedom from undesirable andunintentional ink transfer from carbon paper and inkedribbons.coefficient of image removalthe change in reflectance of theprinted pattern divided by one hundred. (F
10、 362)color bleed resistancethe freedom from intermixing of theinks on multiple-colored ribbons.controla standard production-inked ribbon (film or fabric),carbon paper, manifold sets, etc. that has known values innormal use. (F 153)correctable (as related to typewriter ribbons)an imagethat may be com
11、pletely removed from the substrate bymeans of lift-off rather than erasure or cover-up.cover-upthe obliteration of one or more images by means ofan opaque material similar in color to the substrate.curlthe degree of curvature of a sheet of paper or carbonpaper.curl resistancethe tendency of sheet ca
12、rbon to be flat onexposure to varying conditions of temperature and humidity.embossedany deformation of the back of the acceptor mediadue to imaging, usually by type action.erasabilityease with which the image may be removedwithout impairing the surface of the paper.fabric ribbonan inked ribbon wher
13、ein the substrate is awoven cloth material, such as nylon, cotton, silk, etc.featheringan undesirable thread-like deposit extending ra-dially from the edge of an image.festooningloading a cartridge with a supply of imagingmaterial without the use of carrier spools.flakingthat phenomenon manifested i
14、n film carbon ribbonsand carbon paper by the actual detachment of pieces of theink itself from the substrate. Flaking is the result of loss ofadhesion, usually due to strain or extension of the filmribbon substrate due to tension or to contact with ribbon1This terminology is under the jurisdiction o
15、f ASTM Committee F05 onBusiness Imaging Products and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF05.01 on Nomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originallypublished as F 221 63. Last previous edition F 221 93. Redesignated as F 221 inApril 196
16、8.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.guides or parts other than the type font, or both. Flaking ofcarbon paper is usually due to stress or cracking of the inkfilm by folding, handling, etc.heat sensitivea material compos
17、ition that will produce animage from application of localized heat.imagethe optical counterpart of an object produced bymeans of an image-producing device.image colorappearance of the image dependent upon thespectral reflectance of the image, the spectral composition ofthe incident light, and the sp
18、ectral response of the observer.image densitythe contrast between image and backgroundas measured by densitometer.impact pressure rangethe variation in an imaging devicedue to type font width, on feet, impact, and other adjust-ments inherent in the device.impact sensitivethe property of a carbon pap
19、er, ribbon, orpaper to produce an image from impact (as with a type-writer).impressions per ribbonthe average number of characterswhich can be printed from a given ribbon on a giventypewriter or printer of specified print quality under specificusage conditions.ink deposita coating containing a color
20、ing material whichtransfers in part or entirely to a copy sheet at the point ofpressure contact. (F 129)inked ribbona ribbon composed of a supporting substrate offilm, fabric, or paper and a coating or impregnation of acoloring material. The coloring material is of such naturethat it will transfer i
21、n part or entirely to a copy sheet at thepoint of pressure contact. (F 129)intensityapparent depth of a black or colored image pro-duced by a carbon or ribbon.lift offthe removal of one or more images of copy from thesubstrate by transferring to an intermediate member.light stabilityresistance to ch
22、ange of color of the image withexposure to radiant energy.manifoldto make many or several copies.manifolding performancethe intensity and sharpness of theimage as a function of the number of carbon copies producedin one typing or writing.mechanical durabilityresistance of the carbon paper orribbon t
23、o cutting after repeated use.mechanical transfer paperspapers that produce a visibleimage by the transfer of a coating to another sheet whichmay or may not be specially treated.mobius loopa one-sided surface formed by holding one endof a rectangle fixed, rotating the opposite end through 180and then
24、 applying it to the first end.multi-strike film ribbonis a ribbon wherein the substratefilm such as polyester is coated or impregnated with an inkwhich allows several different imprints be made frommultiple overstrikes on the same location on the ribbon, andstill result in full characters being prin
25、ted.on-feetthe desired and optimum uniformity of contact be-tween the type font line and the platen.optical densitythe image intensity or density in terms of ormeasured by a reflectance densitometer.paper manifold seta business form prepared by interleavingone-time carbon paper and a receiving paper
26、 to give thenumber of parts required for comparison. A standard test setis 812 by 11 in. (21.59 by 27.94 cm) and most frequentlycontains six plies six bond sheets, usually 12 lb (17 by22-500) (45 g/m2) and five carbons, usually 8 lb (20 by30-500) (18.75 g/m2). (F 497)pinholean opening in the carbon
27、tissue that permits thecoating to seep through to the uncoated side.plyouta single wrap of ribbon extending out of its normalposition in relation to the core or the next wrap.precision (as distinguished from accuracy)the degree ofmutual agreement between individual measurements,namely repeatability
28、and reproducibility. (E 380)pressure sensitivea carbon paper, ribbon, or paper capableof producing an image from pressure as with pen or pencil.pressure-sensitive copy paperpaper systems that develop avisible image on the application of localized pressure.release characteristicsee sensitivity range.
29、resistance to breakagethe resistance of the inked ribbon orcarbon ribbon to rupture resulting from tension before orafter use.sensitivity rangethe impact pressure range over which aribbon or carbon will produce an image of specified quality.set-offthe unintentional transfer of part of an image or in
30、kfrom its intended location to another surface.sharpnessin carbon paper and inked ribbon images, simi-larity of the geometry of the image to the type face and therate of change of image density at the edge.single-strike film ribbonan inked ribbon wherein the sub-strate is a plastic film material suc
31、h as polyethylene, whereeach area of the ribbon is capable of producing only oneimage.single-strike paper ribbonan inked ribbon wherein thesubstrate is paper, where each area of the ribbon is capableof producing only one image.slip resistanceresistance of sheet carbon to slippage whenplaced between
32、multiple sheets of copy paper.smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streak onto anadjacent area when rubbed; involves the redeposition ofabraded material.smudge resistancethe ability of an image to withstandsmudging.splicethe joint between two lengths of base film, fabric, orpaper.stainingthe d
33、iscoloration of image receptor sheet duringcontact with a carbon sheet.thread countthe total number of warp and filling threads inone square inch of fabric.tolerancethe total range of variation (usually bilateral)permitted for a size, position, or other required quantity; theupper and lower limits b
34、etween which a dimension must beheld. (E 380)F 221 98 (2003)2tonera material used to increase the intensity and to controlthe color of the ink image transferred from ribbon or carbonpaper.DISCUSSIONThis term is not to be confused with toner as describedin Terminology F 335.treated carboncarbon that
35、is coated or impregnated on theside not carbonized. The treatment is ordinarily applied toimprove curl resistance or slip resistance of the sheet or both.water resistanceability of the image to resist deformation orchange in color with immersion in water.wear resistanceability of the carbon or ribbo
36、n to retain itsimage-producing capacity after repeated use.writethe images produced by a ribbon or first carbon.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advis
37、ed that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either r
38、eapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If
39、you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 221 98 (2003)3
