1、Designation: E648 101E648 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCritical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of D
3、efense.1 NOTEThe word “nominal” was added in the second sentence of 12.2 editorially in January 2011.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure for measuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mountedfloor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source in a graded
4、radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. Aspecimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated concrete structural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, or otherwisemounted in a typical and representative way.1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the critical radiant flux at
5、 flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating one aspectof fire exposure behavior for floor-covering systems. The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levels likely toimpinge on the floors of a building whose upper surfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fully de
6、veloped firein an adjacent room or compartment. The standard was developed to simulate an important fire exposure component of fires thatdevelop in corridors or exitways of buildings and is not intended for routine use in estimating flame spread behavior of floorcovering in building areas other than
7、 corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for information on proper application andinterpretation of experimental results from use of this test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 The text of this standard r
8、eferences notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat a
9、nd flame undercontrolled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditionsconditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
10、 with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specifica
11、tion for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcessE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrie
12、r PackagingE176 Terminology of Fire Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E176 for additional definitions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
13、mittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.Current edition approved April 1, 2010April 1, 2014. Published May 2010May 2014. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20092010 asE648 09a.E648 101. DOI: 10.1520/E0648-10E01.10.1520/E0648-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM websi
14、te, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
15、 of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be conside
16、red the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 blackbody temperature, nthe temperature of a perfect radiatora surface with an emissivity of unity and, therefore, areflectivity of zero.3.2.2 corridor, n
17、an enclosed space connecting a room or compartment with an exit. The corridor includes normal extensions,such as lobbies and other enlarged spaces, where present.3.2.3 critical radiant flux, nthe level of incident radiant heat energy on the floor covering system at the most distant flame-outpoint. I
18、t is reported as W/cm2 (Btu/ft2s).3.2.4 flame-out, nthe time at which the last vestige of flame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen,frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke.3.2.5 floor covering, nan essentially planar material having a relatively small thickness in compar
19、ison to its length or width,which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort, and utility of the floor.3.2.6 floor covering system, na single material, composite or assembly comprised of the floor covering and related installationcomponents (adhesive, cushion, etc.), if any.3.2.7 flux profile
20、, nthe curve relating incident radiant heat energy on the specimen plane to distance from the point of initiationof flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm.3.2.8 time zero, nthe point in time when the chamber door is closed, which needs to occur within 3 s after the specimen hasbeen moved into the chamber (
21、see 12.5).3.2.9 total flux meter, nthe instrument used to measure the level of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane at anypoint.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) an air-gas fueled radiant heat energy panel inclined at 30 to and directedat (2) a
22、 horizontally mounted floor covering system specimen, Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy flux distributionranging along the 100-cm length of the test specimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2 to a minimum of 0.1 W/cm2. Thetest is initiated by open-flame ignition from a pilot bur
23、ner. The distance burned to flame-out is converted to watts per squarecentimetre from the flux profile graph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.FIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled PanelE648 1425. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test response
24、 standard is designed to provide a basis for estimating one aspect of the fire exposure behavior of afloor-covering system installed in a building corridor. The test environment is intended to simulate conditions that have beenobserved and defined in full scale corridor experiments.5.2 The test is i
25、ntended to be suitable for regulatory statutes, specification acceptance, design purposes, or development andresearch.5.3 The fundamental assumption inherent in the test is that critical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flame spreadof floor-covering systems in a building corridor.5.
26、4 The test is applicable to floor-covering system specimens that follow or simulate accepted installation practice. Tests on theindividual elements of a floor system are of limited value and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system.FIG. 2 Standard Radiant Heat Energy Flux ProfileE648 1435.5 T
27、he test is applicable to floor-covering system specimens that follow or simulate accepted installation practice. Tests on theindividual elements of a floor system are of limited value and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system.In this procedure, thespecimens are subjected to one or more spe
28、cific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or theend-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-responsecharacteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire
29、testE648 144exposure conditions described in this procedure.NOTE 1In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory fire test exposure conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are changed, it may not be poss
30、ible by or from this test to predict changes in theperformance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are strictly valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.If the test results obtained by this method are to be considered in the total assessment of fire r
31、isk, then all pertinent established criteria for fire riskassessment developed by Committee E05 must be included in the consideration.6. Flooring Radiant Panel Test ChamberConstruction and Instrumentation6.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber employed for this test shall be located in a draft-p
32、rotected laboratory.6.1.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, shall consist of an enclosure 1400 6 10 mm (55 6 0.39 in.)long by 500 6 10 mm (1912 6 0.39 in.) deep by 710 6 10 mm (28 6 0.39 in.) above the test specimen. The sides, ends, and topshall be of 13-mm (12-in.) calciu
33、m silicate, 0.74 g/cm3 (46 lb/ft3) nominal density, insulating material with a thermal conductivityat 177C (350F) of 0.128 W/(mK) 0.89 Btuin./(hft2F). One side shall be provided with an approximately 100 by 1100-mm(4 by 44-in.) draft-tight fire-resistant glass window so the entire length of the test
34、 specimen will be observable from outside thefire test chamber. On the same side and below the observation window is a door that, when open, allows the specimen platformto be moved out for mounting or removal of test specimens. When required for observation, a draft-tight fire-resistant window shall
35、be installed at the low flux end of the chamber.FIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Side ElevationE648 1456.1.2 The bottom of the test chamber shall consist of a sliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securing the testspecimen holder in a fixed and level position. The free
36、, or air access, area around the platform shall be in the range from 2300to 3225 cm2 (356 to 500 in.2).6.1.3 When the rate of flame front advance is to be measured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall be installed onthe back of the platform or on the back wall of the chamber.6.1.4 When t
37、he extent of flame travel is to be measured after a prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metal scaledescribed in 6.1.3 shall be used.6.1.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stack with interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm (4.00 6 0.13 in.) wide by380 6 3 mm (15.00 6 0.13 in.) d
38、eep by 318 6 3 mm (12.506 0.13 in.) high at the opposite end of the chamber from the radiantenergy source.6.2 The radiant heat energy source shall be a panel of porous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with a radiationsurface of 305 by 457 mm (12 by 18 in.). It shall be capable of opera
39、ting at temperatures up to 816C (1500F). The panel fuelsystem shall consist of a venturi-type aspirator for mixing gas3 and air at approximately atmospheric pressure, a clean, dry air3 Gas used in this test shall be commercial grade propane having a heating value of approximately 83.1 MJ/m3 (2500 Bt
40、u/ft 3), commercial grade methane having aminimum purity of 96 %, or natural gas.FIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, ElevationE648 146supply capable of providing 28.3 NTP m3/h (1000 standard ft3/h) at 76 mm (3.0 in.) of water, and suitable instrumentation formonitoring and c
41、ontrolling the flow of fuel to the panel.6.2.1 The radiant heat energy panel is mounted in the chamber at a nominal angle of 30 6 5 to the horizontal specimen plane.The radiant panel shall be adjusted to obtain the flux profile within the limits specified in 10.6. The horizontal distance from the0 m
42、ark on the specimen fixture to the bottom edge (projected) of the radiating surface of the panel is 89 6 3 mm (3.5 6 0.13 in.).The panel-to-specimen vertical distance is 140 6 3 mm (5.5 6 0.13 in.) (see Fig. 3).6.2.2 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermal output of the panel shall be
43、suitable for viewing a circular area 254mm (10 in.) in diameter at a range of about 1.37 m (54 in.). It shall be calibrated over the 490 to 510C (914 to 950F) operatingblackbody temperature range in accordance with the procedure described in Annex A1.6.2.3 A high impedance or potentiometric voltmete
44、r with a suitable millivolt range shall be used to monitor the output of theradiation pyrometer described in 6.2.2.6.3 The specimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructed from heat-resistant stainless steel (AISI Type 300 (UNA-NO8330)or equivalent) having a thickness of 1.98 mm (0.078 in.) and an
45、overall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm (45 by 1234 in.) with aspecimen opening of 200 6 3 mm by 1000 + 15 mm -0 mm (7.9 6 0.13 in. by 39.4 + 0.59 -0 in.). Six slots shall be cut in theflange on either side of the holder to reduce warping. The holder shall be fastened to the platform with two stud bolts
46、 at each end.6.4 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, is a nominal 6 mm (14 in.) inside diameter, 10 mm (38 in.) outside diameterstainless steel tube line burner having 19 evenly spaced 0.7 mm (0.028 in.) diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially along thecenterline, and 16 evenly spaced
47、 0.7 mm (0.028 in.) diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially 60 below the centerline (see Fig.6). In operation, the gas flow is adjusted to 0.085 to 0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH) (air scale) flow rate. The pilot burner ispositioned no more than 5 from the horizontal so the flame generated will imp
48、inge on the specimen at the 0 distance burned pointFIG. 5 Dummy Specimen in Specimen Holder (Bottom View)E648 147(see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). When the burner is not being applied to the specimen, move it away from the ignition position so it is atleast 50 mm (2 in.) away from the specimen.6.4.1 With the
49、 gas flow properly adjusted and the pilot burner in the test position, the pilot flame shall extend fromapproximately 63.5 mm (2.5 in.) at either end to approximately 127 mm (5 in.) at the center.6.4.2 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean. A soft wire brush has been found suitable to remove the surfacecontaminants. Nickel-chromium or stainless steel wire with an outside diameter of 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) is suitable for opening theholes.6.5 A3.2-mm (18-in.) stainless steel sheathed grounded junction Chromel-Alumel therm
