1、Designation: E747 18Standard Practice forDesign, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification ofWire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers the design, material groupingclassification, and manufa
3、cture of wire image quality indica-tors (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiographic images.1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-rayradiography.1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as thecontrolling image quality indicator for the material thicknessrange from 6.
4、4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, healt
5、h, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internati
6、onal Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar,and ShapesB150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, andShapes Metric
7、 (Withdrawn 2002)4B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and TubeB164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, andWireB166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNSN06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025,N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N0
8、6617), and Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Tungsten Alloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, andWireE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for RadiographyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ISO Standards:5ISO 192321 Non
9、-Destructive TestingImage Quality ofRadiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-Type)-Determination of Image Quality ValueISO 192322 Non-Destructive TestingImage Quality ofRadiographs-Part 2: Determination of the Image QualityValue using Step/hole Type Image Quality IindicatorsISO 192323 Non-
10、Destructive TestingImage Quality ofRadiographs-Part 3: Image Quality Classes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms in TerminologyE1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiography, shallapply to the terms used in this practice.4. Wire IQI Requirements4.1 The quality of all levels o
11、f examination shall be deter-mined by a set of wires conforming to the following require-ments:4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricated from materials or alloysidentified or listed in accordance with 7.2. Other materials maybe used in accordance with 7.3.4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in or
12、der ofincreasing diameter. The diameter sizes specified in Table 1 are1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published Se
13、ptember 2018. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E747 - 04(2010). DOI:10.1520/E0747-18.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related PracticeSE-747 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5Available from American National Standards In
15、stitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stan
16、dardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1established from a consecutive series of numbers taken ingeneral from the ISO/R 10 serie
17、s. The IQI shall be fabricatedin accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 andTables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirementsof Appendix X1 may be used as an alternate provided all otherrequirements of this practice are met.4.1.3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other
18、 than thoseshown in Figs. 1-8 and Annex A1 are permitted by contractualagreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 ismodified in size, it must contain the grade number, set identity,and essential wire. It must also contain two additional wiresthat are the next size larger and the next
19、size smaller asspecified in the applicable set listed in Table 1.4.1.4 Each set must be identified using letters and numbersmade of industrial grade lead or of a material of similarradiographic density. Identification shall be as shown on Figs.1-8 or Annex A1, unless otherwise specified by contractu
20、alagreement.4.1.5 ISO standard ISO 19232-1 contains similar provisions(with nominal differences-see Table A1.1) for wire imagequality indicators as this standard (E747). International users ofthese type IQI standards who prefer the use of ISO 19232-1 fortheir particular applications should specify s
21、uch alternateprovisions within separate contractual arrangements from thisstandard.5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement5.1 When selecting IQIs for procurement, the followingfactors should be considered:5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to beexamined.5.1.2 Determine the thick
22、ness or thickness range of thematerial(s) to be examined.5.1.3 Select the applicable IQIs that represent the requiredIQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).TABLE 1 Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity NumbersSET A SET BWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire IdentityWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire Identity0.0032 (0.08)A1 0.010 (0.2
23、5) 60.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 70.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 80.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 90.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 100.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11SET C SET DWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire IdentityWire Diameterin. (mm)Wire Identity0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) 160.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 170.050 (1.27)
24、13 0.160 (4.06) 180.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 190.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 200.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21AThe 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the supplier.TABLE 2 Wire Diameter Tolerances, mmWire Diameter (d), mm Tolerance, mm0.000 1 i
25、n. (25.4 mm) andhigher radiation energies ( 400 kV for steel). The user mayselect the conversion model depending on the standard practiceto apply and its requirements for IQI reading. Differentrequirements on positioning and discernibility of the wire IQIsand hole type IQIs are defined in the standa
26、rd systemsmentioned above.The specific data are given in X1.2 and X1.3.TABLE A1.1 IQI Wire Diameters in. (mm) and Wire IdentitiesTABLE A1.1 Conversion of ASTM to ISO Wire IdentitiesSET A ASTM Wire Identity ISO Alternate Wire No. ISO 192321ASET B ASTM Wire Identity ISO Alternate Wire No. ISO 192321A0
27、.0032(0.08) 1 W 17 0.010(0.25) 6 W 120.0040(0.1) 2 W 16 0.013(0.33) 7 W 110.0050(0.13) 3 W 15 0.016(0.41) 8 W 100.0063(0.16) 4 W 14 0.020(0.51) 9 W 90.0080(0.2) 5 W 13 0.025(0.64) 10 W 80.010(0.25) 6 W 12 0.032(0.81) 11 W 7SET C ASTM Wire Identity ISO Alternate Wire No. ISO 192321ASET D ASTM Wire Id
28、entity ISO Alternate Wire No. ISO 192321A0.032(0.81) 11 W 7 0.100(2.5) 16 W 20.040(1.02) 12 W 6 0.126(3.2) 17 W 10.050(1.27) 13 W 5 0.160(4.06) 18 .0.063(1.6) 14 W 4 0.20(5.1) 19 .0.080(2.03) 15 W 3 0.25(6.4) 20 .0.100(2.50) 16 W 2 0.32(8.1) 21 .AAs governed under provisions of paragraph 4.1.5 of th
29、is practice.TABLE X1.3 Wire Sizes Equivalent to Corresponding 1T, 2T, and 4T Holes in Various Hole Type PlaquesAPlaque Thickness,Plaque IQIIdentificationNumberDiameter of wire with EPS of hole in plaque1T 2T 4Tinch (mm) inch mm inch mm inch mm0.005 (0.13) 5 0.0038 (0.09) 0.006 (0.15)0.006 (0.16) 6 0
30、.004 (0.10) 0.0067 (0.18)0.008 (0.20) 8 0.0032 (0.08) 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (0.20)0.009 (0.23) 9 0.0035 (0.09) 0.0056 (0.14) 0.009 (0.23)0.010 (0.25) 10 0.004 (0.10) 0.006 (0.15) 0.010 (0.25)0.012 (0.30) 12 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (0.20) 0.012 (0.28)0.015 (0.38) 15 0.0065 (0.16) 0.010 (0.25) 0.016 (0.41)0.0
31、17 (0.43) 17 0.0076 (0.19) 0.012 (0.28) 0.020 (0.51)0.020 (0.51) 20 0.010 (0.25) 0.015 (0.38) 0.025 (0.63)0.025 (0.64) 25 0.013 (0.33) 0.020 (0.51) 0.032 (0.81)0.030 (0.76) 30 0.016 (0.41) 0.025 (0.63) 0.040 (1.02)0.035 (0.89) 35 0.020 (0.51) 0.032 (0.81) 0.050 (1.27)0.040 (1.02) 40 0.025 (0.63) 0.0
32、40 (0.02) 0.063 (1.57)0.050 (1.27) 50 0.032 (0.81) 0.050 (1.27) 0.080 (2.03)0.060 (1.52) 60 0.040 (1.02) 0.063 (1.57) 0.100 (2.54)0.070 (1.78) 70 0.050 (1.27) 0.080 (2.03) 0.126 (3.20)0.080 (2.03) 80 0.063 (1.57) 0.100 (2.54) 0.160 (4.06)0.100 (2.50) 100 0.080 (2.03) 0.126 (3.20) 0.200 (5.08)0.120 (
33、3.05) 120 0.100 (2.54) 0.160 (4.06) 0.250 (6.35)0.140 (3.56) 140 0.126 (3.20) 0.200 (5.08) 0.320 (8.13)0.160 (4.06) 160 0.160 (4.06) 0.250 (6.35)0.200 (5.08) 200 0.200 (5.08) 0.320 (8.13)0.240 (6.10) 240 0.250 (6.35)0.280 (7.11) 280 0.320 (8.13)AMinimum plaque hole sizes were used as defined within
34、Practice E1025.E747 1811X1.2 Conversion of Plaque Hole Identities to Wire Iden-tities to be Placed on Uniform Surface ProfilesX1.2 The visibility of wires in film radiography and in digitalradiography can be determined by the following equation inreference to ISO 19232-3 and ISO 17636-1, 17636-2:dwi
35、re5=dholeTplaque2.2(X1.1)The factor of 2.2 is an empirically approximated factor. It isused in ISO 19232-3, and ISO 17636-1 and 17636-2 forconversion of IQI wire diameters to IQI step hole diameterswith 1T holes for equivalent visibility requirements. It is usedfor film and digital radiography appli
36、cations. ISO 17636-1 and17636-2 recommend to read the wire number in the area of thebase material near the weld and not across the weld indication.It is required to see the wire over a length of at least 0.4 in.(10 mm) without interruption. The required wire number isselected depending on the nomina
37、l base material thickness.ISO 19232-3 and ISO 17636-1 and 17636-2 define the imagequality requirements by wire numbers for wires in a diameterrange of 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) and 0.08 in. (2.05 mm). The exactconversion values be can befound in Table X1.2. The tablecontains different conversion values fo
38、r true T hole IQIs andregular T hole IQIs with limitation of lower hole diameter asdefined in E 1025. If the holes are larger than the minimumvalues as defined in E 1025 (1T 0.01 in. (0.254 mm), 2T 0.02 in. (0.508 mm) and 4T 0.04 in.(1.016 mm) the regularhole IQIs are identical with true T hole IQIs
39、. This explains alsothe free fields in Table X1.2, since all holes 0.01 in. (0.254mm) are regular and true T hole IQIs. The wire IQIs, as definedin this standard, start with identity “1“ at 0.0032 in. (0.08 mm)wire diameter. ISO 19232-1 IQIs have also smaller wirediameters, which are W 18 and W 19.
40、These wires are includedin the list for completeness.X1.3 Conversion of Plaque Hole Identities to Wire Iden-tities to be placed on Non-Uniform Profiles.X1.3 ASME BPVC, API-1104, ASTM E 1742 and E 1032require to read the wire number in the area of the weldindication with the wires across the weld. It
41、 is required to seethe wire over the full length without interruption. The requiredwire number is selected depending on the weld thickness. Therelated reading of the hole type IQIs requires positioning theIQI on an equivalent block or on shims near the weld or on theweld. The block or shim thickness
42、 is chosen to achieve the IQIreading at the average thickness of the weld. The equation todetermine the equivalencies between wire and (hole type) IQIsbased on E747-10 is as follows:F3d3l 5 T2H2/4!FIG. X1.1 Conversion Graph of 1T Hole Diameters to Wire Diameters for Different ApplicationsTABLE X1.1
43、Determination of Equivalent Wire Diameter inDependence on Radiographic Sensitivity (EPS) and PlaqueThicknessSensitivity and Hole-to-Wire ConversionSensitivity EPS (%) PlaqueThicknessEquivalent WireDiameter1-1T 0.7 0.01 x T 0.0045 x T1-2T 1 0.01 x T 0.0064 x T1-4T 1.4 0.01 x T 0.0091 x T2-1T 1.4 0.02
44、 x T 0.0091 x T2-2T 2 0.02 x T 0.013 x T2-4T 2.8 0.02 x T 0.018 x TE747 1812where:F = form factor for wire, 0.79,d = wire diameter, in. (mm),l = effective length of wire, 0.3 in. (7.6 mm),T = plaque thickness, in. (mm), andH = diameter of hole, in. (mm).NOTE X1.1The wire and plaque (hole type) IQI s
45、ensitivities is notconverted by a fixed constant here. The exact conversion values be canfound in Table X1.3. The table contains conversion values for regular Thole IQIs with limitation of lower hole diameter as defined in E 1025 (1T 0.01 in. (0.254 mm), 2T 0.02 in. (0.508 mm) and 4T 0.04 in. (1.016
46、mm).NOTE X1.2Tis the specimen thickness of the sample to penetrate.Thetable is correct, if T is used in inch or mm.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly ad
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