1、Designation: F 1351 96 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Practice forDetermination of the Effect of Hard Creasing Paper onImages Produced by Business Imaging Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1351; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for hard creasingpaper in a unifor
3、m and reproducible manner.1.2 The crease is positioned across the image and theamount of image degradion is determined.1.3 The effect of creasing on the paper surface can also bedetermined.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses
4、are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
5、r to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboardD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 hard-creasepaper folded
6、180 (back to back, face toface, long grain, short grain) with a uniform force applied tothe fold.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes a mechanical device that makesit possible to uniformly hard-crease samples of paper so thatcomparative tests may be performed on the samples. Compari-son
7、 may be made with a control sample.4.2 This practice also provides a means of locating thecrease over a line of copy.4.3 The image may be produced by any of the severalbusiness imaging systems including copiers, printers, typewrit-ers, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 As a comparative test, this pract
8、ice can be used todetermine the damage caused by creasing paper, that is,damage to paper, coatings or images affixed to the paper andthe loss of image quality and legibility that can result fromcreasing.6. Interference6.1 The accuracy with which the crease is located on thepaper, that is, over an im
9、age area, is dependent on operator skilland the consistency with which the samples are prepared.6.2 Sample to sample variations in caliper, moisture content,grain direction, etc., influence the damage caused by creasing.6.3 Similarly, using imaged paper samples, the imagingmaterial, the method of ap
10、plication, aging, as well as thesubstrate, may influence crease damage and the subsequentloss of image legibility.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Curren
11、t edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 1351 96 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
12、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.4 This practice is useful for papers of basis weightsnormally used for office correspondence. Heavy
13、 weight or stiffpapers may need special handling at the discretion of theperson conducting the test.7. Apparatus7.1 Fixture, hard-crease, see Fig. 1.7.2 Paper Cutting Board.8. Procedure8.1 Because the moisture content of paper effects thecreasability of paper, conduct the test in a room conditioneda
14、ccording to Practice D 685. If such a room is not available,conduct the tests in a room with a stable temperature andhumidity.8.2 Test specimens are any imaged paper produced by abusiness imaging system such as copiers, printers, typewriters,etc. Position the image so that it will be creased in the
15、mannerthat will simulate end use.8.3 Cut four sheets from each sample of paper to be tested,all with dimensions 812 by 812 in. (216 by 216 mm) in themachine direction and then cut four in the cross direction.Identify machine direction (duplicate sets of each grain direc-tion). Small images require c
16、utting so as to locate the image oncrease.8.4 Determine and identify the “front,” “back,” imaged,unimaged, wire, or felt side and grain direction of control andthe sample sheets using Test Methods D 528 and D 5039.8.5 Condition the sheets for a minimum of 24 h in the testroom.8.6 Conduct duplicate t
17、ests in each direction and on eachside of the sheet.8.7 Bend, but do not fold, the test piece so that the creasewill be parallel to the machine direction and the image will faceinward.8.8 With moderate speed (approximately 1 ft/s) (3 m/s) rollthe 2 kg weight so that it creases the paper. See Appendi
18、x.Place the image so as to be within the crease.8.9 Repeat test with duplicate test piece.8.10 Bend sample as in 8.7 but with the image outward andrepeat 8.8 and 8.9.8.11 Repeat 8.7 through 8.10 with the test piece positionedso that the crease is perpendicular to the machine direction.9. Interpretat
19、ion of Results9.1 Compare samples and control sheets that have beenhard-creased front to front, back to back, in the machinedirection and the cross direction.9.2 Comparisons can be made by visual observation, report-ing the damage done by hard-creasing to coatings, images orsubstrate. A hand lens of
20、 approximately 10 3 may be used toaid in the examination. It may be appropriate to rub the imageto determine if it has been loosened. Bar code, OCR, or MICRreaders can be used in special cases.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 The nature of the image or paper degradion and arank
21、ing order established when two or more samples are tested.11. Keywords11.1 image permanence-creasing; paper damage-creasingFIG. 1 Hard-Crease FixtureF 1351 96 (2008)2APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.X1.1 The speed of a brass roller of approximately 1 ft/s(0.30 m/s) can be obtained using an incli
22、ned plane in thefollowing manner:X1.1.1 A 2 kg brass weight size 212 in. (6.35 mm) diameterby 234 in. (6.99 mm) height.X1.1.2 An inclined plane such as a piece of aluminum orsteel plate with a pitch of 2 in. (5.08 mm) per 38 in. (96.52mm).X1.2 From a standing start, the weight will pass from marks12
23、12 to 2438 in. (31.8 to 61.9 mm) from the starting point(approximately 1 ft (0.30 m) in approximately 1 s.X1.3 Thus if the bent sample is placed on the inclined planeapproximately 1212 in. (31.8 mm) from the starting point andthe weight is allowed to roll freely, it will crease the specimenat a spee
24、d of approximately 1 ft/s (0.30 m/s) as recommendedin 8.7.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pate
25、nt rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eith
26、er for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair h
27、earing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1351 96 (2008)3
