1、Designation: F1407 11Standard Test Method forResistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials toLiquid PermeationPermeation Cup Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of chemicals can be exposed ton
3、umerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleteriouseffects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma, such as dermatitis or burns, to chronicdegenerative disease, such as cancer or pulmonary fibrosis. Since engineering controls may noteliminate all possib
4、le exposures, attention is often given to reducing the potential for direct skincontact through the use of protective clothing that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation.This test method provides a simple, gravimetric means for measuring the resistance of clothingmaterials to permeation b
5、y liquid chemicals. Permeation testing by a more sophisticated procedure andpenetration testing are addressed by separate methods: Test Methods F739 and F903, respectively. TestMethods for measuring the effects of chemicals on the physical properties of rubbers, plastics, andcoated fabrics may be fo
6、und in Test Method D471, Test Method D543, and Test Methods D751,respectively. Guide F1001 designates 21 chemicals for use with these tests.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of aspecimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact witha liquid.1.1.1 Procedure AFor us
7、e when a value for the cumula-tive amount of chemical permeated in1hisdesired.1.1.2 Procedure BFor use when breakthrough detectiontime and permeation rate values are desired.1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the testchemical on the clothing material can be determined bycomparing the w
8、eight or other physical properties of thespecimen before and after the permeation test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered stand
9、ard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific p
10、recau-tionary statements are given in Section 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Ma
11、terialsF739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuous ContactF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-tective Clothi
12、ng Materials2.2 Federal Standard:No. 191, Method 5030.2 Measurement of the Thickness ofMaterials31This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved
13、July 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F1407 - 99a (2006). DOI:10.1520/F1407-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
14、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
15、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 breakthrough detection time, nthe elapsed timemeasured from the initial exposure to the test chemical to thesampling time that immediately precedes the sampling time atwhich the test chemical is first detected.
16、3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn this method, the sampling time if thetime of weighing.3.1.2 cumulative permeation, nthe total mass of chemicalthat permeates during a specified time from when the materialis first contacted.3.1.3 degradation, na deleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.4 pen
17、etration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through voids in protective clothingmaterials or item on a non-molecular level.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in closures, seams, interfaces, and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration doe
18、s not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in the material assolids, liquids as liquids and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.5 permeation, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of chemicals as molecules through protec
19、tive cloth-ing materials items by the processes of: (1) absorption of thechemical into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPermeation is a dis
20、tinctly differentmechanism from penetration3.1.6 protective clothing material, nany element, con-stituent, or substance from which protective clothing is com-posed or can be made.3.1.7 steady-state permeation rate, na constant rate ofpermeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forcesaffecting
21、 permeation have reached equilibrium.3.1.8 test chemical, nthe solid, liquid, gas, or mixturethereof, used to evaluate the performance of a protectiveclothing material.3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the test chemical isa liquid and can be either one component (that is, a neat liquid)or have
22、several components (that is, a mixture).3.1.9 time interval, nthe time between weighings of thepermeation cup.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The resistance of a protective clothing material topermeation by a test chemical is assessed by measuring thecumulative permeation, breakthrough detection time,
23、and per-meation rate through replicate specimens of the material.4.2 A clothing material specimen is secured over the mouthof a shallow cup that holds the test chemical. The normallyoutside surface of the material faces the chemical; the otherside is open to the atmosphere. See Fig. 1.4.3 The cup as
24、sembly is weighed, inverted, and reweighedat predetermined time intervals to determine the amount ofchemical that permeates the material and subsequently evapo-rates to the atmosphere.4.4 Based on the amount of chemical lost from the cupduring the exposure period, the breakthrough detection time,per
25、meation rate, and cumulative mass of chemical permeatingthe clothing material are calculated.4.5 Detection of permeation requires sufficient volatility ofthe test chemical, and the appropriate combination of analyticalbalance and weighing interval.4.5.1 See Section 10 for volatility test.4.5.2 The l
26、ikelihood of detecting chemical permeation in-creases as (1) the sensitivity of the balance is increased and (2)the time between weighings and the length of the test areincreased.4.6 In extreme cases the chemical could so severely degradethe clothing material that the chemical will drip or otherwise
27、flow from the inverted cup.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure forrapidly (in1horless) determining the chemical resistance ofspecimens of protective clothing materials. This test methodcan be used to rank materials as to their suitability for use withliquids
28、of known or unknown composition.5.2 The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, orcumulative permeation can be used to identify protectiveclothing materials that are more likely to limit potentialexposures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection timesand lower cumulative amounts permeated
29、and permeation ratesare characteristics of materials that are better barriers to the testchemical.5.3 In general this test method is less sensitive than TestMethod F739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. Incases where the chemical of concern is highly toxic and contactof even a very small
30、 amount with the skin may be detrimentalto health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. UseTest Method F739.5.4 Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemicalmust evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur andpermeation to be detected. Consequently, the test method maynot be applica
31、ble for chemicals having low volatility (that is,vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this testmethod is not applicable has not been determined.NOTEDimensions in centimetres.FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation CupF1407 1125.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described inSection 10.5.5 The res
32、ults of this test method are highly dependent onthe test temperature. If the objective is to compare differentclothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the sametemperature (63C).6. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Gauge, suitable for measuring thickness tothe nearest 0.02 mm (0.001 in.), as specifie
33、d in Fed. Std. No.191, Method 5030.2, shall be used to determine the thicknessof each material specimen tested.6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to at least61 mg, is required for measuring the weight loss of thepermeation cup. The capacity of the balance should be at least50 g more t
34、han the weight of an empty permeation cup.6.3 Permeation Cup, shown in Fig. 1, is constructed ofmetal (aluminum is recommended) and is composed of the cup,O-ring (PTFE is recommended), retaining ring (aluminum isrecommended), and six fasteners (stainless steel is recom-mended) for securing the retai
35、ning ring to the cup. The circularopening in the retaining ring has a diameter of 7.8 6 0.05 cm,corresponding to an area of 47.8 cm2.6.3.1 Materials other than aluminum may be used in theconstruction of the permeation cup. Such materials may bedesirable for tests involving chemicals which are incomp
36、atiblewith aluminum (for example, acids).6.3.2 A chemically resistant coating may be applied to thepermeation cup to increase its range of chemical compatibility.Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used successfully as acoating.6.3.3 In place of the O-ring, either the cup or the retainingring ma
37、y be machined such that a seal is achieved when theretaining ring is fastened to the cup.6.3.4 The volume available for the test liquid is approxi-mately 80 mL, although this amount of chemical is notrequired nor recommended for performing the test.6.4 Torquing Device, to seal the retaining ring to
38、the cup.6.5 Lubricant, to prevent galling between the fasteners andthe cup.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Before carrying out this test method, safety precautionsrecommended for handling any potentially hazardous chemicalshould be identified and reviewed to provide full protection toall personnel.7.1.1 Fo
39、r carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and othertoxic (poisonous) chemicals, the work area should be isolated,well-ventilated, and meticulously clean. Involved personnelshould be outfitted with appropriate protective clothing andequipment.7.1.2 For corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemicals, in-vol
40、ved personnel should, as a minimum, be outfitted withprotective clothing and equipment.7.2 Provisions should be made for handling spills of the testchemical or splashes to the eyes or skin.7.3 Appropriate procedures for the disposal of chemicalsshould be followed.7.4 The test should be performed in
41、a laboratory fume hoodor outdoors.NOTE 1In order to obtain stable readings from the analytical balance,it may be necessary to shield the balance or at least its pan from aircurrents.8. Test Specimen8.1 A protective clothing material specimen may consist ofeither a single layer or a composite of mult
42、iple layers that isrepresentative of an actual protective clothing constructionwith all layers arranged in proper order. In each test, thespecimens normally outer surface shall contact the test chemi-cal.8.1.1 If, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, different materials or thick
43、nesses of materials arespecified at different locations, specimens from each locationshall be tested.8.1.2 If, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, seams are specified, additional specimens containingsuch seams shall be tested. Care must be taken to ensure thatthe permeation cup
44、 can be properly sealed when specimens ofnonuniform thickness are tested.8.2 Each material specimen shall have a diameter at least 5mm greater than the outside diameter of the O-ring or sealingmechanism.8.3 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested for eachmaterial, composite, area (in the case o
45、f a heterogeneousdesign), or other condition. Random specimens may be gener-ated as described in Practice E105.9. Conditioning9.1 No conditioning of the test specimen is required.10. Volatility Test10.1 Weight loss from the cup is the result of chemicaldiffusion to and evaporation from the surface o
46、f the clothingspecimen that faces the air. If the volatility of the chemical istoo low, the diffusing chemical will not evaporate from thissurface of the specimen as rapidly as it arrives there. In theextreme case, there might be no weight loss even thoughchemical has diffused through the specimen.1
47、0.2 Evaporation rate increases with temperature.10.3 Detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitiv-ity of the balance and the surface area available for evapora-tion.10.4 To determine whether the volatility of the test chemicalis sufficient for the permeation cup method to be applicable,use
48、the following test:10.4.1 Place about 20 g of the test chemical into the cup.10.4.2 Place the cup (uncovered) on the balance, beingcareful not to spill the chemical.10.4.3 Record the weight of the cup.10.4.4 Leave the cup on the balance for the shortest weigh-ing time interval that will be used duri
49、ng the test. The shortesttime interval may be the entire duration of the test if cumula-tive weight loss is the test objective (see Procedure A).10.4.5 At the end of the period, record the weight of the cup.If the weight loss is 10 mg, then the chemical has sufficientvolatility for the permeation cup test to be performed.F1407 11310.4.5.1 Because volatility is dependent on temperature andthe detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitivity ofthe balance, it may be necessary to rerun the volatility test eachtime any one of these parameters is changed.10.
