1、Designation: F1686 091Standard Guide forSurveys to Document and Assess Oiling Conditions onShorelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReferenced Documents were editorially corrected in January 2011.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers field procedures by which data maybe coll
3、ected in a systematic manner to document and assess theoiling conditions on shorelines.1.2 This guide does not address the terminology that is usedto define and describe shoreline oiling conditions, the ecologi-cal character of oiled shorelines, or the cultural or otherresources that may be present.
4、1.3 The guide is applicable to marine coasts (includingestuaries) and may also be used in freshwater environments(rivers and lakes).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to addre
5、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1687 Guide for
6、 Terminology and Indices to DescribeOiling Conditions on ShorelinesF1779 Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil onWater3. Significance and Use3.1 Systematic surveys provide data on shoreline characterand oiling conditions from which informed planning andoperational decisions may be develo
7、ped with respect to shore-line cleanup (1-3).33.2 Surveys may include one or more of three components,listed below. The scale of the affected area and the availabilityof pre-spill information will influence the selection of surveycomponents and the level of detail.3.3 The aerial reconnaissance surve
8、y provides a perspectiveon the overall extent and general nature of the shoreline oilingconditions. This information is used in conjunction withenvironmental, resource, and cultural sensitivity data to guideshoreline protection, recovery of mobile oil, and to facilitatethe more detailed response pla
9、nning and priorities of theresponse operations.3.4 The aerial video survey(s) provide systematic audio andvideo documentation of the extent and type of shoreline oilingconditions, physical shoreline character, and potential accessrestrictions.3.5 The ground assessment survey(s) provide the necessary
10、information and data to develop appropriate shoreline responserecommendations. A field team(s) collects detailed informationon shoreline oil conditions, the physical and ecological char-acter of oiled shorelines, and resources or cultural features thatmay affect or be affected by the timing or imple
11、mentation ofresponse activities.3.6 In order to ensure data consistency it is important to usestandardized terminology and definitions in describing oilingconditions, as provided in Guide F1687.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response
12、and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1686 97(2003).DOI: 10.1520/F1686-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
13、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright
14、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. General Considerations4.1 The specific survey procedures and the magnitude of thedata sets collected will vary with the scale of the spill (thelength and distribution of oiled shoreline and qua
15、ntity of oil),the nature or complexity of the shoreline, and the needs of theresponse organization (1).4.2 Following a spill in which only a few kilometers ofcoast have been oiled, one ground survey team may be able toaccomplish all of the goals in an appropriate time frame.4.3 As the scale of the a
16、ffected area increases, it may benecessary to conduct an aerial video survey that is followed bya ground assessment using one or more teams.4.4 Following spills that affect long sections of coast (forexample, more than 100 km), the sequence of an initial aerialreconnaissance, an aerial video survey
17、and ground assessmentsurveys may be necessary to satisfy planning and operationalrequirements in a timely manner.4.5 Each of the three stages requires a separate surveydesign, the assignment of duties to personnel, logistics plan-ning, and the establishment of survey and documentationprocedures.4.6
18、All surveys are conducted during the lowest one-quarterto one-third of the tidal cycle to ensure maximum (viewing)exposure of the intertidal zone.5. Segmentation5.1 The coast is divided into working units called segments,within which the shoreline character is relatively homogeneousin terms of physi
19、cal features and sediment type.5.2 Each segment is assigned a unique location identifier(for example, an alpha-numeric code).5.3 Segment boundaries can be either prominent geologicalfeatures (headlands, streams, etc.), changes in shore/substratetypes, or, more importantly, alongshore changes in oil
20、condi-tions.5.4 Segment lengths are short enough to obtain adequateresolution and detail on the distribution of the oil for planningand operational decisions. Most segments of oiled shorelineswould be in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 km.5.5 If segments already exist as part of a pre-spill planningexercise
21、 or sensitivity mapping database, segment boundariesmay need to be adapted, segments subdivided, or the segmentcodes revised, or some combination thereof, to reflect theoiling conditions created by a spill.6. Aerial Reconnaissance Survey(s)6.1 An initial aerial survey(s) is conducted along coastline
22、swithin the spill path. The objective is to determine whichshorelines have been oiled, in order to provide an overallperspective and scale with which to plan for a more systematicdocumentation or assessment survey.6.2 This survey can be augmented with information from ahigh-altitude surveillance and
23、 tracking program. In some casesthis survey can be combined with other aerial reconnaissanceactivities being conducted to locate and visually observe oil onwater (Practice F1779).6.3 Fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft fly the coast atslow-speed flight at altitudes in the range of 75 to 150 m.Helicop
24、ters are preferred over fixed-wing aircraft, as theypermit landings to confirm observations made from the air.Among fixed-wing aircraft, those with the wing mountedabove the fuselage (high-wing aircraft) are essential to allowthe required visibility of shoreline features.6.4 If possible, the survey
25、team will consist of an oilobserver and navigator/recorder. The observer should be anoil-spill specialist familiar with oil on shorelines and able todistinguish between natural materials (stranded kelp, blacklichen, heavy mineral bands, etc.) and oil. The navigator logsthe flight lines, locates a se
26、ction of shoreline on maps or charts,and records oil observations.6.5 Records of observations may be made on maps andnotebooks. Video and still photography can also be used to adda visual record of examples of the oiling conditions andshoreline character for immediate use by planners and decisionmak
27、ers.6.6 An aerial reconnaissance is generally not required wherethe presence of oil on the shore has been defined clearly fromother sources or where the affected coastline is short enough inlength that an aerial video survey can be completed during onelow-tide cycle.7. Aerial Video and Mapping Surve
28、y(s)7.1 The aerial video recording and mapping survey(s) areconducted on coasts where there is known or expected oiling.The survey is used to provide detailed and systematic docu-mentation on the extent and type of shoreline oiling and othershoreline conditions.7.2 Small high-wing or rotary-wing air
29、craft fly the coast atvery slow speeds at altitudes in the range of 25 to 75 m.7.3 The primary survey team consists of an oil observer anda navigator. The navigator records and maps relevant flightinformation. The oil observer operates the video camera andprovides a continuous audio commentary, for
30、which the colorvideo image provides a visual image frame of reference. Insome cases a video technician may be desirable for theoperation and quality control of the audio and video record-ings.7.4 The oil observer/videographer is an oil-spill specialist,who can identify the shoreline substrate and fo
31、rm and distin-guish between natural shoreline materials and stranded oil.Duties of the oil observer are as follows:7.4.1 To identify or create segment boundaries and describetheir location on one of the audio channels. These are alsorecorded on a set of flight-line maps or charts by the navigator.7.
32、4.2 To video the shore zone through an open door orwindow continuously, with the camera angled down (30 to 45)and slightly ahead of the aircraft (15 to 30) so that the areabeing described comes into focus and the foreground duringthe commentary. Video resolution is best when the sun isbehind the air
33、craft.7.4.3 To provide a continuous descriptive commentary onthe shoreline oiling conditions, including the (1) length andwidth of the oiled areas and the oil distribution (percent surfaceoil cover), (2) physical shore-zone character, and (3) otherpertinent features such as access locations or const
34、raints.7.5 Video recording equipment requires either a camera/recorder/color monitor system or a camrecorder system. BothF1686 0912must have on-screen date/time, audio recording, and lowlightrecording capabilities. Other requirements include an indepen-dent, stabilized power supply or converter and
35、a voice-activated two-channel audio recording and communicationssystem between all crew members, including the pilot. Alsodesirable is the capability for location (geographical position-ing system) overprint on the image, a stabilized camera mount,and small inboard color monitor(s).8. Ground Assessm
36、ent Survey(s)8.1 Shoreline ground assessment surveys are conducted onoiled and unoiled segments within the affected area that mayhave been identified to provide detailed, systematic observa-tions that are used to guide the development of appropriateresponse priorities, endpoints, constraints, and tr
37、eatment tactics(4 and 5).8.2 The scale of the ground survey is dependent on the sizeand character of the area affected and the intended use of thesurvey data.8.3 Where more than one survey team is used, appropriatemeasures must be taken to ensure consistency in proceduresand terminology.8.4 Typicall
38、y, a ground survey team must contain an oilspillshoreline specialist and may include a coastal ecologist,cultural resources specialist, and different agency representa-tives, depending on available personnel and the complexity ofthe spill.8.4.1 In the most simple form, the survey is conducted by ano
39、il-spill shoreline specialist who has a basic understanding ofmarine coastal geomorphology and processes, oil behavior, andcleanup. Using standardized terms, definitions, and procedures,this person documents the oiling conditions and the physicalcharacter of each oiled segment.8.4.2 A specialist in
40、coastal ecology may be included in theteam(s), as necessary, to identify and assess intertidal commu-nities and evaluate the effect of the oil or the potential effect oftreatment options. The ecologist may also (1) verify theoccurrence of sensitive habitats or species (in the segment) thatwere ident
41、ified previously in sensitivity maps or databases, (2)identify and document human use activities in a segment, and(3) identify procedures or constraints on response operations tominimize effects on the biota.8.4.3 A cultural resources or archaeological specialist maybe included on the team(s), as ne
42、cessary, to identify known orsuspected archaeological, historical, or other cultural sites. Thespecialist may also (1) help evaluate potential effects or varioustreatment options, (2) if authorized, collect artifacts for theirpreservation, and (3) identify procedures or constraints onresponse operat
43、ions to avoid potential impacts on the sites in oradjacent to oiled segment(s).8.4.4 Representatives of government agencies, land ownersor managers, the potential responsible party, and the operationsteam may participate as observers to assist in the subsequentdevelopment of response options and con
44、straints.8.5 In its basic form, the survey would document and assessthe surface and, where applicable, subsurface oiling conditions.On shores where the materials are mobile or where the oil canpermeate into the substrate, it is necessary to dig pits ortrenches to locate and describe oil that has bee
45、n buried or haspenetrated. The inclusion of ecological or archaeologicalobservations would depend on the purpose of the survey.8.6 Standard forms are recommended in order to ensure thatall necessary data are recorded or considered in a consistentmanner. These are typically designed to suit the spill
46、 situation.An example of a generic shoreline oiling summary (SOS) formis provided in Fig. 1. Simpler forms may be used whereappropriate to the intended purpose of the spill survey. Similarforms may be adapted for use in freshwater or riverineenvironments or on a regional basis to be applicable tonon
47、-temperate or tropical shore-zone conditions.8.7 A field sketch (Fig. 2) is recommended to locate oiledzones within a segment, where the oil is not distributeduniformly, or to identify shore-zone features. A map sketchrather than a perspective drawing is interpreted more easily andcan include oiling
48、, substrate character, photographic, and scaleinformation.8.8 Still-color photographs or video recordings can supple-ment the completed form and sketch. More information can berecorded on the audio channel of a videorecorder than can berecorded in a field note book, by sketches or photographs. Thesy
49、stem has the advantage over notes or a tape recorder as avisual image is provided of the location under discussion. Thistechnique is particularly recommended for surveys or segmentsin which the shoreline or oiling conditions are particularlycomplex, unusual, or spatially variable.8.9 There are several post-survey activities that are optional.Prior to departing a survey site, a team may review individualassessments quickly and discuss findings to ensure that nothingsignificant has been overlooked. At the completion of each dayit is typical to review, recopy, and finish, as nece
