1、Designation: F 1789 07bStandard Terminology forF16 Mechanical Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1789; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofdefinitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners.1.2 Terms in this terminology are organized alp
3、habetically.In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic.1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASMEB18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; andSAE J412.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 563 Specification for Carbons and Alloy Steel NutsE 456 Terminology R
4、elating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ANSI/ASME Standard:3B18.12 Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners2.3 IFI Standards:4Glossary of Terms Relating to Aerospace FastenersIFI-139 Quality Assurance Requirements for Fastener Test-ing LaboratoriesIFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars f
5、orMechanical Fasteners2.4 SAE Standard:5SAE J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments ofSteels3. Mechanical Fastener Definitionsacceptance numbernumerical value representing the maxi-mum number of permissible non-conformances within asample submitted for testing and acceptance of the popula-t
6、ion.age hardenedprecipitation of constituents within certainalloy metals to increase mechanical properties.alloy groupmaterials grouped by their chemical designationand considered to be functionally or chemically similar forgeneral purpose use.alloy steelsteel is considered to be alloy when the maxi
7、mumrange given for manganese exceeds 1.65 % or a definiteminimum quantity for any of the following elements isspecified or required within the limits of the recognized fieldof constructional alloy steels: chromium, molybdenum,nickel, or any other alloying element added to obtain adesired alloying ef
8、fect.alterto change fastener properties such as hardness, tensilestrength, surface finish, length, or other characteristics of thefastener through such processes as heat treatment, plating,and machining.alteration distributordistributor of fasteners who alters afastener prior to sale and assumes the
9、 full responsibilities ofthe alteration and its affected mechanical and performancecharacteristics.anchor boltsteel rod or bar, one end of which is intended tobe cast in concrete while the opposite end is threaded andprojects from the concrete for anchoring other material to theconcrete. The end cas
10、t in concrete may be either straight orprovided with an anchor, such as a bent hook, forged head,or a tapped or welded attachment to resist forces imposed onthe anchor bolt as required.annealinggeneral term applied to a variety of thermaltreatments applied to fasteners for the purpose of softeningor
11、 homogenizing material properties. The specific types ofannealing are:full annealingheating steel above the upper critical transfor-mation temperature, holding it there long enough to fullytransform the steel to austenite, and then cooling it at acontrolled rate, in a furnace, to below a specified t
12、empera-ture. A full anneal refines grain structure and provides arelatively soft, ductile material that is free of internalstresses.intercritical annealing/isothermal annealingheating a steelabove the lower critical transformation temperature, butbelow the upper-critical transformation temperature,
13、to dis-solve all the iron carbides, but not transform all the ferrite toaustenite. Cooling slowly from this temperature, through thelower critical temperature, produces a structure of ferrite and1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsib
14、ility of Subcommittee F16.94 on Terminology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 1789 07a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
15、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Industrial Fasteners Institu
16、te, 1717 E. 9th Street, Suite 1105,Cleveland, OH 44114.5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.pearlite
17、that is free of internal stresses. In intercriticalannealing, the steel continues to cool slowly in the furnace,similarly to full annealing. In isothermal annealing, coolingis stopped just below the lower critical, assuring completetransformation to ferrite and coarse pearlite, and eliminatingthe po
18、tential for bainite formation. The coarse pearlitestructure greatly improves machinability of medium carbonsteels.normalizingvariation of full annealing in which steel isheated above the upper critical temperature and is then aircooled in air, rather than in a furnace. Normalizing relievesthe intern
19、al stresses caused by previous working, and whileit produces sufficient softness and ductility for many pur-poses, it leaves the steel harder and with a higher tensilestrength than full annealing. To remove cooling stresses,normalizing if often followed by tempering.process annealingsometimes called
20、 subcritical annealing orstress relieving, performed at temperatures just below thelower critical temperature. Process annealing neither refinesgrains nor redissolves cementite, but does improve theductility and decreases residual stress in work-hardenedsteel.solution annealingheating an austenitic
21、stainless steel to atemperature that puts the carbides into solution. The steel isheld at this temperature long enough to achieve graingrowth. It is then quenched in a medium for fast cooling,which prevents most of the carbides from reprecipitating.The process achieves optimum creep strength.spheroi
22、dize annealingtype of subcritical annealing used tosoften steel and improve machinability. Heat treating finepearlite for a long time just below the lower criticaltemperature of the steel, followed by a very slow cooling,produces a spheroidal or globular form of the pearlite.stabilization annealingh
23、eating an austenitic stainless steelused in severe aqueous corrosion environments by firstsolution annealing and then reheating to about 1600F, andholding at that temperature. The treatment causes grainboundary precipitation of carbides, but also the hold timepermits the chromium remaining in the au
24、stenite solution toredistribute within the grains, restoring corrosion resistance,even adjacent to the grain boundaries.applicable standardsthose having the capability of beingapplied in some fashion to the host standard.arbitration hardness locationprescribed location on thefastener, such as at mid
25、-radius, using 90 intervals takenthrough the cross section, one diameter from the threadedend for bolts and screws.assembly lotassembly lot may consist of a combination ofdifferent products. As long as the products that make up theassembly are in accordance with lot, the quantity of assem-blies dete
26、rmine the sample size. Example: ten assembliesconsisting of a bolt, nut, and a washer would have a lot sizeof ten if the bolts, nuts, and washers meet the criteria of lot.However, if any of the components in the assembly are notin accordance with lot then the ten assemblies will have to beseparated
27、into lots that meet all the requirements of lot.austenitic stainless alloyssteel alloys that contain a mini-mum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel.Some alloys may contain as much as 18 % manganese. Themetal is predominantly face centered cubic in structure andhardenable only by cold
28、 working. Essentially nonmagneticin its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from coldworking.Austenitic stainless steels can be grouped into threecategories: 300 series alloy, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti.average coating thicknessdetermined as either the valueobtained by analytical method
29、s or the mean value of aspecified number of local thickness measurements that areevenly distributed over the significant surface.baking durationtime measured from when the plated prod-uct reaches a specified temperature in the baking furnace oroven until it is removed.barsolid rolled or forged secti
30、on that is long in relationshipto its cross-sectional dimensions with a relatively constantcross-section throughout its length. Carbon and alloy steelbars are produced from hot rolled or cast billets, or fromblooms rolled single strand into coils.barrel-plating processfastener-coating process which
31、em-ploys a containment vessel called a barrel that is designed tomove a given batch of fasteners together through each of theprocess steps, allowing ready ingress and egress of process-ing solutions and rinses. As the barrel moves through theprocess steps, it is rotated or oscillated, causing the fa
32、stenersto cascade over one another, and in the electrocleaning andelectroplating steps, and electric current is applied.batch average thicknesscalculated average thickness of acoating if it were uniformly distributed on the surfaces of theitems.bend testvarious tests in which a fastener is bent thro
33、ugh itsaxis or on a round mandrel to determine the toughness andductility of the fastener.bendable boltsbolts furnished with an altered section atsome location at which the bolt will bend.bilateral specificationsspecifications that have both an up-per and a lower value.boltheaded and externally thre
34、aded fastener designed to beassembled with a nut.bolt load - elongation behaviorwhen tensile loaded, a boltwill elongate elastically until stressed beyond its propor-tional limit where it will behave plastically.bolt-nut-washer assemblya combination of bolt, nut, andwasher components from singular l
35、ots that have been as-sembled, lubricated as necessary, tested as required, andprepared for shipment to a customer creating a unique setand certifiable lot.break loose torquetorque applied in a removal directionnecessary to start the fastener in motion from its fullypreloaded installed position.brea
36、kaway torquetorque necessary to start a fastener inmotion after the axial load of the mating components hasbeen reduced to zero.burstopen break in the metal during forging located on theflats or corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the peripheryof a flanged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on
37、the flatsF 1789 07b2or corners of the nut.carbide precipitation “sensitization”condition which af-fects some austenitic stainless steels which have beensubjected to temperatures in the critical range, typically 800to 1400F. Complex chromium carbides precipitate andreside primarily at the grain bound
38、aries, causing deteriora-tion of its corrosion resistance by depleting its adjacent areasof chromium.carbon boron steelcarbon steel in which boron has beenintentionally added at a minimum of 0.0005 % and amaximum of 0.003 % in order to obtain an expected hard-enability.carbon steelsteel for which no
39、 minimum content is specifiedor required for chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any otherelement added to obtain a desired alloying effect; or steel forwhich maximum content specified for manganese does notexceed 1.65 %. When specified, boron may be added tokilled carbon steel with a maximum allowable
40、 of 0.003 %.certificate of compliancedocument or electronic record,signed by an authorized party, affirming that the supplier ofthe fastener or related service, or both, has met the require-ments of the relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificate of conformancedocument or electronic
41、 recordaffirming that the fastener has met the requirements of therelevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificationprocedure and action by a duly authorized bodyof determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of personnel, processes, procedures, or itemsin accor
42、dance with applicable requirements.certified quality assurance systemsystem so designatedofficially by a recognized accrediting body as having met allof the criteria within a national or an international third partyquality system standard.chemical anchorschemical materials that provide anchor-age be
43、tween a bolt or bar and a drilled hole.check analysissee product analysis.clamp loadsometimes called preload or initial load. It is atension on a bolt or screw, which results in equal andopposite forces which exist at the interface between twomembers generated through the cumulative effect of tight-
44、ening one or more fasteners.cold forgedformed by hammering or pressing with thematerial at or near ambient temperature.cold formingprocess of forming material below the recrys-tallization temperature by forcing or pressing metal intovarious dies.cold heading quality materialmaterial that has dimen-s
45、ional, chemical, and residual limits such that it will suc-cessfully form a given fastener geometry when machine-applied pressure produces a metal flow that results in thedesired geometry. Additionally, subsequent treatment asnecessary to achieve given mechanical properties results in afastener with
46、 freedom from internal or external imperfec-tions that would impair its intended use.cold heading wirewire produced by specially controlledmanufacturing practices to provide satisfactory quality forheading, forging, and roll minglingmixing of fasteners from different lots that areof the same grade a
47、nd size in the same mon causecommon cause variation affects all the indi-vidual values of the process output being studied. In controlchart analysis, it appears as part of the random pressible-washer-type direct tension indicatordirecttension indicator having the capability of indicating theachievem
48、ent of a required minimum bolt tension by thedegree of its plastic pression loadload which tends to compress or shortenthe member. The value for compressive strength may dependupon the degree of distortion.cone proof loadinch seriesa calculated value derivedfrom the formulaCPL 5 1 0.30D! 3 f 3 As(1)
49、where:CPL = cone proof load (lbs),D = nominal diameter of nut (in.),f = specified proof stress of nut (psi), andAs= tensile stress area of nut (in.2).To meet the requirements of the cone proof load test, the nutshall support its specified cone proof load without stripping orrupture.cone proof loadmetric seriesa calculated value derivedfrom the formulaCPL 5 1 0.012D!f 3 As3 0.001 (2)where:CPL = cone proof load (kN),D = nominal diameter of nut (mm),f = specifi
