1、Designation: F436 11Standard Specification forHardened Steel Washers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, anddimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for usewith fasteners having nominal thread diameters
3、of14 through4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechani-cal and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and otherinternally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers aresuitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A325,A354, A449, and A490.1.2 The washers are des
4、ignated by type denoting the mate-rial and by style denoting the shape.1.2.1 The types of washers covered are:1.2.1.1 Type 1Carbon steel.1.2.1.2 Type 3Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosionresistance and weathering characteristics are comparable tothat of steels covered in Specifications A588/A588M
5、 andA709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of thesesteels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with orwithout copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed tothe atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) formany applications.1.2.1.3 This specification provides for
6、 furnishing Type 3 tochemical composition or a Corrosion Index (CRI) of 6 orhigher at the suppliers option.1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are:1.2.2.1 CircularCircular washers in nominal bolt sizes14through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient spaceexists and angularity permits.1.2.2
7、.2 BeveledBeveled washers are square or rectangu-lar, in nominal sizes12 through 112 in., with a beveled 1 to 6ratio surface for use with American standard beams andchannels.1.2.2.3 ClippedClipped washers are circular or beveledfor use where space limitations necessitate that one side beclipped.1.2.
8、2.4 Extra ThickExtra thick washers are circular wash-ers in nominal sizes12 through 112 in., with a nominalthickness of516 in. suitable for structural applications withoversized holes.1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.1.4 The value
9、s stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 1A complete metric companion to Specification F436M hasbeen developedSpecification F436M; therefore no metric equivalentsare presented in this specification.1.5 This standard d
10、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
11、andards:2A325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated,120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthA354 Specification for Quenched and TemperedAlloy SteelBolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded FastenersA449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90
12、 ksi Minimum TensileStrength, General UseA490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, HeatTreated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthA588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural Steel, up to 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum YieldPoint, with Atmospheric Corrosion ResistanceA709/A709M S
13、pecification for Structural Steel for BridgesA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsB695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron and Steel1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is t
14、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved May 15, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F436 10. DOI:10.1520/F0436-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
15、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric)F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, Direct Tension Indic
17、ators, and RivetsF1136 Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protec-tive Coatings for FastenersF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance InspectionF1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersF2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-
18、ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded FastenersG101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric CorrosionResistance of Low-Alloy Steels3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers under this specifica-tion shall include the followi
19、ng:3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size),3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2),3.1.4 Zinc CoatingSpecify the zinc coating process re-quired, for example, hot-dip, mechanically deposited, Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating, or no preference(s
20、ee 4.3),3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, ifmodified from those covered in this specification,3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture is re-quired,3.1.7 Specify if manufacturers certification or test reports,or both, are required, and3.1.8 Special requirements.4. Mate
21、rials and Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall beproduced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnaceprocess.4.2 Washers up to and including 112 in. in bolt size shall bethrough hardened. Washers over 112 in. may be either throughhardened or carburized at the optio
22、n of the manufacturer.4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited,Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating:4.3.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchasershall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip,mechanically deposited, Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion ProtectiveCo
23、ating, or no preference.4.3.2 When hot-dip is specified the washers shall be zinccoated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require-ments of Specification F2329.4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the washersshall be zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition process inaccordance
24、with the requirements of Class 55 of SpecificationB695.4.3.4 When Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coatingis specified, the washers shall be coated in accordance with therequirements of Grade 3 of Specification F1136.4.3.5 When no preference is specified, the supplier mayfurnish either a hot-dip
25、zinc coating in accordance withSpecification F2329, or a mechanically deposited zinc coatingin accordance with Specification B695, Class 55, or a Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating in accordance withSpecification F1136, Grade 3. Threaded components (bolt andnuts) shall be coated by the same
26、 zinc-coating process and thesuppliers option is limited to one process per item with nomixed processes in a lot.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shallbe returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment tothe purchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 washers shall
27、 conform to the chemical compo-sition specified in Table 1.5.2 Type 3 washers shall conform to the heat analysisspecified in Table 1. Alternatively, at the suppliers option, Type3 washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of 0.25%,Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table 1 and a CorrosionIndex
28、 of 6 or higher as calculated from the Heat Analysis asdescribed in Guide G101 Predictive method based on the dataof Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted.5.3 For Type 1 and 3 furnished to the Chemical Composi-tions in Table 1, Product Analysis may be made by thepurchaser on finished washers represen
29、ting each lot. TheChemical Compostion shall conform to the requirements inTable 1, Product Analysis.5.4 Product Analysis are not applicable to Type 3 washersfurnished to a CRI of 6 or higher calculated from the HeatAnalysis.5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Pra
30、ctices, and Terminology A751.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3BPhosphorus, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0400.0500.0400.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0500.0600.0500.055SiliconHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.150.350.130.37ChromiumHeat analysisProduct
31、analysis.0.450.650.420.68NickelHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.250.450.220.48CopperHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.250.450.220.48AWhen providing Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index use theLegault-Leckie formula from Guide G101. Link to online calculator:http:/www.astm.org/COMMIT/G01_G1
32、01Calcultr1100.xlsI 5 26.01 % Cu! 1 3.88 % Ni! 1 1.20 % Cr!1 1.49 % Si! 117.28 % P! 7.29 % Cu! % Ni! 9.10 % Ni! % P! 33.39 % Cu!2BWeathering steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steelslisted in Table 2 of Specification A325.F436 1126. Mechanical Properties6.1 Through hardened washe
33、rs shall have a hardness of 38to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, inwhich case they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC.6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimumdepth of 0.015 in. and shall have a surface hardness of 69 to 73HRA or 79 to 83 HR15N, except when z
34、inc-coated by thehot-dip process, in which case they shall have a hardness of 63to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N.6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimumcore hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers shall conformto the dimensio
35、ns shown in Table 2 and Table 3.7.2 All square beveled and clipped square beveled washersshall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4.In addition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular bev-eled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table3 and Table 4, except that one
36、 side may be longer than shownfor the “A” dimension.7.3 Unless otherwise stated in the inquiry or purchase order,plain (uncoated) hardened steel circular washers shall befurnished. Where corrosion-preventive treatment is required,washers shall be coated as agreed upon between the manufac-turer and t
37、he purchaser.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excesscoatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gascut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9. Sampling and Number of Tests9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met inc
38、ontinuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturershall make sample inspections to ensure that the productconforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests ofindividual shipments of material are not ordinarily contem-plated.9.2 When weathering steels are furnished to CorrosionResistanc
39、e Index, the CRI number shall be calculated for eachheat.9.3 When additional tests are specified in the inquiry orpurchase order, a lot, for purposes of selecting test samples,shall consist of all material offered for inspection at one timethat has the following common characteristics:9.3.1 Same nom
40、inal size.9.3.2 Same raw material heat number.9.3.3 Same nominal post treatment (heat treatment or coat-ing or both).9.4 From each lot described in 9.3, the number of specimenstested for each required property shall be as follows:Number of Pieces in Lot Number of Specimens800 and under 1801 to 8000
41、28001 to 22 000 3Over 22 000 510. Test Methods10.1 Hardness:10.1.1 Non-carburized WashersA minimum of two read-ings shall be taken 180 apart on at least one face at a minimumdepth of 0.015 in.10.1.2 Carburized WashersA minimum of two readingsshall be taken 180 apart on at least one face.10.2 Hardnes
42、s tests shall be performed in accordance withthe Rockwell test method specified in Test Methods F606.10.3 Corrosion Resistance Index:10.3.1 The corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculatedfrom the Heat Analysis in accordance with G101 PredictionMethod based on the data of Larabee and Coburn.11. In
43、spection11.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that thematerial is being produced and furnished in accordance withthis specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall notinterfere unnecessarily with the manufacturers operat
44、ions. Alltests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture,unless otherwise agreed to.11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous massproduction of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by thepurchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.12. Rejection
45、and Rehearing12.1 Disposition of nonconforming washers shall be inaccordance with Guide F1470 section titled “Disposition ofNonconforming Lots.”13. Certification and Test Report13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturers certification that the material was manufac-tur
46、ed and tested in accordance with this specification, togetherwith a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size ineach shipment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall includematerial grade, hardness tests, and calculated Corros
47、ion Resis-tance Index when type 3 is furnished to a Corrosion ResistanceIndex.14. Responsibility14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be theorganization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.15. Product Marking15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or otherdistinguishing marks
48、, to identify the manufacturer or privatelabel distributor, as appropriate.15.2 Additionally, Type 3 weathering steel washers shall beidentified with the symbol “3”.15.3 Additional identification or distinguishing marks, orboth, may be used by the manufacturer.15.4 All marking symbols shall be depre
49、ssed on one face ofthe washer.F436 113TABLE 2 Hardened Circular, Clipped Circular, and Extra-Thick WashersNOTE 1Tolerances are as noted in table on washer dimension tolerances.Circular and Extra Thick Clipped CircularNominal SizeCircular, Clipped Circular, and Extra Thick Circular and Clipped Extra Thick ClippedNominal OutsideDiameter (OD), in.Nominal InsideDiameter (ID), in.Thickness (T),in.Minimum EdgeDistance (E)A,in.min max min max14 0.625 0.281 0.051 0.080 . . . . . . 0.219516 0.688 0.344 0.051 0.080 . . . . . . 0.28
