1、Designation: F444 88 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Consumer Safety Specification forScald-Preventing Devices and Systems in Bathing Areas1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F444; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis consumer safety specification addresses certain hazards in connection with bathtub areas asi
3、dentified by theAbtAssociates, Inc., final report, “ASystematic Program to Reduce the Incidence andSeverity of Bathtub and Shower Area Injuries,” June 4, 1975, to the U.S. Consumer Product SafetyCommission (CPSC).2This consumer safety specification is directed towards scalds. The general requirement
4、s of thisspecification are intended to establish a maximum allowable discharge temperature and to provide forautomatic compensation if that temperature is exceeded.This specification establishes the necessary requirements to ensure safety from scalds for both thenormal user capacity and limited user
5、 capacity of some aged, infirm, or young. These requirements canbe attained through the utilization of devices, series of devices, or plumbing system designs that areavailable in the marketplace. Many of these devices are applicable to both new construction andretrofit installations. Specifications
6、for the reliability and testing of these devices and systems areavailable in most cases from organizations such as the American National Standards Institute or theAmerican Society of Sanitary Engineering.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification covers scald-preventing devices and systems deliv
7、ering water in bathingareas.1.2 This specification establishes the minimum performancerequirements for the devices and systems to minimize the risksassociated with the hazards of scalds.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathe
8、maticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internation
9、al Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Terminology2.1 bathing areabathing space that consists of a tub,tub-shower, or shower stall bounded by four walls, real orimaginary, extending vertically to the ceiling from
10、 the outsideedge of the tub or stall.2.2 check valvevalve designed to allow the flow of waterin one direction only.2.3 devicepiece of equipment or mechanism designed toserve a special purpose or perform a special function.2.4 mixing valvedevice for mixing cold and hot water toproduce an intermediate
11、 temperature as required, eithermanually, pressure-equalizing, or thermostatically controlled,and which is adjustable manually or by other means.2.5 safety shut-off devicemaximum temperature-limitingdevice that reduces the flow of water to a specified amount.2.6 scaldfirst-, second-, or third-degree
12、 burn injury causedby the contact of hot water on the skin.2.7 stop-check valvevalve designed to allow the flow ofwater in one direction only and which also has the capability tocontrol the supply of water.2.8 stop valvevalve used for the control of water supply.2.9 water outletdischarge opening thr
13、ough which water issupplied to a bathing area.1This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF15.03 on Safety Standards for Bathtub and Shower Structures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017.
14、Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F444 88 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/F0444-88R17.2Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330East-West Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
15、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the W
16、orld Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Compliance3.1 No device or system produced after the approval date ofthis consumer safety specification shall either by label or othermeans indicate compliance with this specification unless itconforms to all requirements contai
17、ned herein.4. Materials4.1 The materials used in the scald-preventing devices orsystems shall conform to the following:4.1.1 All parts, external or internal, shall be capable ofresisting deterioration in the environment to which they areexposed to the degree that the intended performance of thedevic
18、e or system will not be adversely affected.4.1.2 Any materials in contact with the water flowingthrough the device or system that can contaminate the water sothat it is injurious to humans are unacceptable.5. General Requirements5.1 The scald-preventing devices or systems shall meet thefollowing min
19、imum requirements:5.1.1 The maximum allowable temperature at the wateroutlet to the bathing area shall be 120F (49C) or, if thetemperature of the water discharging from the water outlet ofthe devices or systems exceeds 120F (49C), the flow shallautomatically be reduced to 0.5 gal/min in5sorless.5.1.
20、2 The devices or systems shall be so constructed thatwhen repair is required, it can be effected without disturbingthe piping supply system.5.1.3 Devices or systems shall withstand, without damageor impairment of the performance capabilities, a supply pres-sure of 125 psi (862 kPa).6. Instructions6.
21、1 Installers Instructions:6.1.1 Full instructions for installing, adjusting, andmaintaining, where required, shall be packaged with eachdevice or system.6.1.2 The instructions to installers should prominently dis-play the fact that responsibility for installation and adjustmentin accordance with the
22、 manufacturers instructions lies with theinstaller.6.1.3 At the time of installation, the installer shall follow themanufacturers instructions for proper installation and adjust-ment of the unit. In addition, with mixing valves the instruc-tions shall state the following:6.1.3.1 When not equipped wi
23、th an integral shut-off or whenthere is a shut-off installed after the mixing valve, there shall bestop and check valves on the inlets or in the water distributionpiping to the mixing valve. On multiple installations whenequipped with integral shut-off, there shall be service stopvalves on the inlet
24、s.6.1.4 Instructions for adjusting devices or systems, whererequired, shall include information on temperature settingsbased on cold-water variations and hot-water capabilities as aguide to allow the installer to properly set the maximumwater-outlet temperature.NOTE 1The installer should also affix
25、his name and companyaffiliation to the warning note in 6.2.2.1.6.2 Users Instructions:6.2.1 Instructions that describe the operation of the unit andany care requirements necessary to maintain the device orsystem shall be applied or attached to the device or system bythe installer for the user.6.2.2
26、The user instructions shall contain the followingwarning:6.2.2.1 WarningThis device/system has been preset by(to be filled in by the installer) to ensure safe, maximumtemperature. Any change in the setting may raise the dischargetemperature above the limit considered safe and lead to scalds.7. Marki
27、ng7.1 Temperature-Control Marking Identification:7.1.1 Single-Handle DevicesSingle-handle, adjustable de-vices shall have identifiable control markings, such as cold andhot in letters or graphic identification, and shall indicate thedirection of knob or handle rotation to regulate the tempera-ture.
28、Markings shall be clear and permanent.7.1.2 Dual-Handle DevicesDual-handle, adjustable de-vices shall have color, letter, or graphic markings that willidentify the hot and cold handles. Markings shall be clear andpermanent.7.1.3 Safety Shut-Off DevicesSafety shut-off devices, foruse on any valve, sh
29、all have the maximum operating tempera-ture and operating instructions clearly defined in an accompa-nying instruction sheet. Markings shall be clear and permanent.7.2 GeneralAll devices shall bear the following markings:7.2.1 Manufacturers name or trademark,7.2.2 Water temperature marking as in 7.1
30、, and7.2.3 Direction of movement of the control knob or handlein accordance with 7.1.1 or 7.1.2.8. Keywords8.1 bathing; discharge temperature; flow; safety; scald pre-ventionF444 88 (2017)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with a
31、ny item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technica
32、l committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration
33、at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
34、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 88 (2017)3
