1、Designation: F 2204 02Standard Guide forDescribing Shoreline Response Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods of cleaning and remedi-ating shorelines containing stranded oil. The primary goal ofany shoreline countermeasure is to
3、 aid recovery while mini-mizing additional impact.1.2 This guide describes 21 different countermeasures thatare available for consideration. These countermeasures rangefrom natural recovery to active intervention.1.3 The countermeasures listed may not be the best for useunder all possible circumstan
4、ces, and multiple countermea-sures may need to be used on the same shoreline.1.4 This guide describes technical considerations for select-ing one technique or another, or both. Additional guides,presently under development, will address considerations re-lated to habitat and oil characteristics.1.5
5、Selection of specific countermeasures for use during aspill response will be guided by the properties of the strandedoil, the degree of contamination, shoreline accessibility, shore-line geomorphology, mobility of available equipment, oceano-graphic and meteorological conditions, and the presence of
6、sensitive natural and archeological resources. Some of theresponse options will require government authorization andapproval.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
7、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess OilingConditions on ShorelinesF 1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices for Describingthe Oiling Con
8、ditions on Shorelines2.2 API Documents:API Publication No. 4558 Options for Minimizing Environ-mental Impacts of Freshwater Spill Response3API Publication No. 4706 Environmental Considerationsfor Marine Oil Spill Response33. Significance and Use3.1 Once the extent and type of shoreline oiling has be
9、endefined and documented using proper procedures (see GuidesF 1686 and F 1687), decisions will need to be made on theappropriate course of action for cleaning and restoration. Insome cases, natural recovery will be the preferred approachwhereas in other cases active intervention may be called for.Th
10、is guide summarizes the principal response techniquesavailable.3.2 This guide is intended to minimize possible addedimpact to the environment that could result from overly-aggressive cleanup. In some cases, local priorities may dictatethat intensive clean-up methods may be warranted. In all cases,co
11、ncurrence to use such techniques should be obtained from allthe major stakeholders and must comply with all local regula-tions.4. Shoreline Response Options4.1 This section lists and describes those techniques thatmay be considered for use in response to shoreline oiling.Some of these methods could
12、require special consideration andauthorization prior to commencement of work. Also, some ofthese options result in larger waste disposal issues than othersand these need to be considered in selecting the appropriateoption. In most cases, government agency(s) will be involvedin the decision-making pr
13、ocess. Government approval will berequired for many techniques, which will be decided upon ona case-by-case basis. Contingency plans should provide for arange of response options. The methods covered in this guide,consistent with API 4706, are:Natural Recovery 4.2Barriers/Berms 4.3Manual Oil Removal
14、/Cleaning 4.4Mechanical Oil Removal 4.5Sorbents 4.6Vacuuming 4.7Debris Removal 4.81This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct
15、. 10, 2002. Published December 2002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from The Ameri
16、can Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Substrate Reworking/Tilling 4.9Vegetation Cutting/Removal 4.10Flooding (Deluge) 4.11Low Pressure, Ambient Water Flush
17、ing 4.12High Pressure, Ambient Water Flushing 4.13Low Pressure, Hot Water Flushing 4.14High Pressure, Hot Water Flushing 4.15Steam Cleaning 4.16Sand Blasting 4.17Solidifiers 4.18Shoreline Cleaning Agents 4.19Nutrient Enrichment 4.20Natural Microbial Seeding 4.21In-Situ Burning 4.22A description of e
18、ach shoreline cleanup method is discussedbelow:4.2 Natural Recovery:4.2.1 ObjectiveStranded oil is not removed in order tominimize environmental impacts, or because no effectivemethod for cleanup is available. Oil is left to degrade naturally.4.2.2 DescriptionMonitoring of conditions. Migration ofoi
19、l off site may need response.4.2.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used on all habitattypes.4.2.4 When to UseWhen natural removal rates are veryfast, when degree of oiling is light, or when cleanup actionswill do more harm than allowing the oil to be removed bynatural forces.4.2.5 Biological Constrai
20、ntsMay be inappropriate forareas used by high numbers of mobile animals (birds, marinemammals, crabs, and so forth) or endangered or threatenedspecies.4.2.6 Environmental EffectsNo effects beyond that of theoil alone.4.2.7 Waste GenerationNone.4.3 Barriers/Berms:4.3.1 ObjectiveTo prevent oil from en
21、tering into a sensi-tive area or to divert oil to a collection area.4.3.2 DescriptionA physical barrier is placed across anarea to prevent oil from moving. Barriers can be earthen berms,trenches, shore-sealing booms, or filter fences. When passageof water must be allowed, underflow or overflow dams
22、areused.4.3.3 Applicable Habitat TypesAt the mouths of creeks,streams, or rivers. On beaches where a berm can be built abovethe high-tide line to prevent oil from overwashing the beachand entering a sensitive back-beach habitat such as a lagoon.4.3.4 When to UseWhen sensitive habitats are threatened
23、and other barrier options are not feasible.4.3.5 Biological ConstraintsDisturbance to bird nestingareas, beaver dams, or other sensitive areas must be minimized.Placement of dams and filter fences may cause significantphysical disruptions, especially in wetlands.4.3.6 Environmental EffectsMay disrup
24、t or contaminatesubstrate and vegetation. Trenching may enhance oil penetra-tion and amount of substrate contamination.4.3.7 Waste GenerationSubstrate barriers will becomecontaminated. Filter fence materials will be disposed as oilywastes. Disposal must be in accordance with all applicableregulation
25、s.4.4 Manual Oil Removal/Cleaning:4.4.1 ObjectiveRemove stranded oil with hand tools andmanual labor.4.4.2 DescriptionSurface oil and oily debris are removedby manual means (hands, rakes, shovels, and so forth) andplaced in containers for removal from the shoreline forsubsequent disposal. No mechani
26、zed equipment is used exceptfor transport of waste.4.4.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be used for all habitattypes.4.4.4 When to UseGenerally used on shorelines where theoil can be easily removed by non-mechanical means. Mostappropriate for light to moderate oiling conditions. Manualremoval is applic
27、able to viscous oils and weathered patches ortar balls.4.4.5 Biological ConstraintsFoot traffic over sensitiveareas (wetlands, shellfish beds, algal mats, bird nesting areas,dunes, and so forth) should be restricted. There may be periodswhen shoreline access is not appropriate (for example, birdnest
28、ing, seal pupping).4.4.6 Environmental EffectsMinimal if surface distur-bance by responders and waste generation is limited.4.4.7 Waste GenerationMay generate significant amountsof oily substrate and debris which require proper disposal ortreatment. Decontamination of tools may produce oily waste-wa
29、ter that requires proper treatment. Worker personal protec-tive equipment may be disposed of daily or decontaminated.Oily wastewater resulting from decontamination must betreated properly. Disposal must be in accordance with allapplicable regulations.4.5 Mechanical Oil Removal:4.5.1 ObjectiveTo remo
30、ve oil from shorelines using me-chanical equipment.4.5.2 DescriptionOil and oiled substrate are removedusing mechanical equipment such as backhoes, graders, bull-dozers, dredges, and so forth. This method requires systems fortemporary storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal.4.5.3 Applicable
31、 Habitat TypesLand where surface sub-strates are amenable to and accessible by heavy equipment.4.5.4 When to UseWhen large quantities of oiled materi-als must be removed. Care should be taken to remove sub-strates only to the depth of oil penetration, which can bedifficult. Method should be used car
32、efully where excessivesubstrate removal may erode the shoreline. Buried oil recoveryincludes the removal of clean overburden, removal of oiledsubstrates, and replacement of the clean overburden. Vehicletraffic should be controlled to minimize further oil penetration.4.5.5 Biological ConstraintsHeavy
33、 equipment may berestricted in sensitive habitats (for example, wetlands, softsubstrates), during breeding or nesting seasons, or in areascontaining endangered or threatened species. Special permis-sion will be needed to operate in areas with known culturalresources. Noise generated by mechanical eq
34、uipment may be aconstraint.4.5.6 Environmental EffectsMay be detrimental if exces-sive substrates are removed without replacement. All organ-isms in the removed substrates will be impacted.4.5.7 Waste GenerationCan generate significant amountsof contaminated substrate and debris that must be cleaned
35、 orF2204022landfilled. Disposal must be in accordance with all applicableregulations. The amount of waste generated by this methodshould be carefully considered when reviewing potential im-pacts of oily wastes, debris, and substrates.4.6 Sorbents:4.6.1 ObjectiveRemove oil by sorbing it onto oil-attr
36、acting material.4.6.2 DescriptionSorbent material is placed on the shore-line to absorb oil as it is carried in by tidal or wave action.Sorbents can be used to wipe stranded oil off substrates.Sorbent forms include sausage boom, pads, rolls, sweeps,snares, and granules. Removal efficiency is depende
37、nt on thecapacity of the sorbent, the wave or tidal energy available forfreeing oil from the shoreline, and the oil type and the degreeof weathering. Recovery of all sorbent material is required.Loose granular sorbents must be contained in mesh or othermaterial.4.6.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCan be u
38、sed on any habitattype.4.6.4 When to UseWhen the oil is floating nearshore orhas stranded onshore. The oil must not be too adherent in orderto be released by the substrate and absorbed by the sorbent.Sorbents are often used as a secondary treatment method aftergross oil has been removed or in sensit
39、ive habitats havingrestricted access. Sorbents should not be used on or near highenergy or steep shorelines. Sorbents may break apart in highenergy conditions. Steep shorelines make recovery of sorbentsdifficult.4.6.5 Biological ConstraintsDeploying and retrievingsorbents should not adversely affect
40、 wildlife. Sorbents shouldnot be placed in a manner that would endanger or trap wildlife.Sorbents left in place too long may break apart and present aningestion hazard to wildlife. Sorbents can be slow, thusallowing oil to remain in critical habitats for extended periodsduring potentially sensitive
41、periods.4.6.6 Environmental EffectsDeployment and retrieval cancause physical disturbance to habitats. Improperly deployed ortended sorbents can crush or smother sensitive organisms.4.6.7 Waste GenerationCareful consideration must begiven to the selection and proper use of sorbents. Sorbentsshould b
42、e monitored for removal when not being effective atcollecting oil any further. Generation of large amounts oflightly oiled sorbents should be prevented. Recycling should beemphasized. Disposal must be in accordance with all appli-cable regulations.4.7 Vacuuming:4.7.1 ObjectiveTo remove free oil pool
43、ed on shorelinesubstrate.4.7.2 DescriptionA vacuum unit with a suction head isused to recover free oil. The equipment can range from smallportable units to fill 55-gal drums to large devices that aretruck-mounted and can even lift large rocks. Oil removal ratescan be extremely slow with this method.
44、 Water spray systemsmay be used to flush the oil toward the suction head.4.7.3 Applicable Habitat TypesVacuums can be used onany accessible shoreline habitat. Vacuums may be mountedoffshore on barges, onshore on trucks, or deployed as indi-vidual units on boats or ashore at low tide.4.7.4 When to Us
45、eWhen liquid oil is pooled against ashoreline, stranded on the shoreline (usually along the high-tide line), concentrated in trenches, or trapped in accessiblevegetation.4.7.5 Biological ConstraintsSpecial restrictions should beestablished for areas where foot traffic and equipment opera-tion may be
46、 damaging, such as soft substrates. Wetlandoperations need to be closely monitored. A site-specific list ofprocedures and restrictions is recommended to prevent damageto vegetation.4.7.6 Environmental EffectsEffects are minimal if footand vehicular traffic are controlled and minimal substrate isimpa
47、cted.4.7.7 Waste GenerationCollected oil and oil-water mix-tures need to be stored temporarily prior to recycling ordisposal. Large amounts of water are often collected, whichrequires separation and treatment. If oil is not recyclable,disposal must be in accordance with all applicable regulations.4.
48、8 Debris Removal:4.8.1 ObjectiveRemove debris in the path of oil prior tostranding and remove oiled debris.4.8.2 DescriptionManual or mechanical removal of de-bris (wood, seaweed, trash, wreckage) from the shoreline. Thisincludes the cutting and removal of oiled logs.4.8.3 Applicable Habitat TypesCa
49、n be used on any habitattype with safe access.4.8.4 When to UseWhen debris is oiled and, is a potentialsource of chronic re-oiling, an aesthetic problem, a potentialsource of contamination of biological resources, or likely to bea safety hazard for responders. Used in shoreline areas wheredebris has accumulated in order to reduce the amount of oileddebris to be handled.4.8.5 Biological ConstraintsFoot traffic over sensitiveareas (wetlands, algal mats, bird nesting area, dunes, and soforth) must be restricted. There may be periods when shore
