1、Designation: F 2281 04Standard Specification forStainless Steel and Nickel Alloy Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, andStuds, for Heat Resistance and High TemperatureApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the chemical and mechanicalrequirem
3、ents for stainless steel and nickel alloy bolts, hex capscrews, and studs,14 in. diameter and larger, intended for useat temperatures up to 1800F (982C), and in applicationswhere resistance to heat and the effects of high temperature areto be considered. See Appendix X1 for Service Application. Awid
4、e variety of materials are covered in this specificationwhich can be used at high temperatures as a function of thespecific alloy properties, as well as environmental require-ments including corrosive environments.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.3 This s
5、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
6、.1 ASTM Standards:2A 262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu-lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless SteelsA 276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA 342/A 342M Test Methods for Permeability of FeeblyMagnetic MaterialsA 380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation
7、ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA 484/A 484M Specification for General Requirements forStainless Steel Bars, Billets, and ForgingsA 493 Specification for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rodsfor Cold Heading and Cold ForgingA 564/A 564M Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Age-
8、Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA 582/A 582M Specification for Free-Machining StainlessSteel BarsA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsB 637 Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Nickel Al-loy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temp
9、erature ServiceB 880 Specification for General Requirements for ChemicalCheck Analysis Limits for Nickel, Nickel Alloys, andCobalt AlloysD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingE 21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Testsof Metallic MaterialsE 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in
10、Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 76 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Nickel-CopperAlloys3E 139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic MaterialsE 292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-RuptureNotch Tension Tests of MaterialsE
11、353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysF 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechan
12、ical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and RivetsF 788/F 788M Specification for Surface Discontinuities ofBolts, Screws, and Studs, Inch and Metric SeriesF 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-cal Properties and Performance Inspection2.2 ASME Stan
13、dards:B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads4B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, (Inch Series)41This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.04 on NonferrousFasteners.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published
14、 November 2004. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 2281 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
15、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3
16、. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 heat resistanceextent to which a material retainsuseful properties as measured during exposure of the materialto a specified temperature and environment for a specifiedtime.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 high temperaturedefined solely for
17、the purpose ofthis document as a range in temperature from 500F (260C) to1800F (982C). Materials listed as high temperature alloys aredesigned to maintain their anticipated strength and character-istics within this range.4. Classification4.1 Three types of material, see Appendix X1 for serviceapplic
18、ation, are covered in this specification and are classifiedinto the following:4.1.1 Type IHeat resisting alloys for continuous serviceapplications:4.1.1.1 Class AAustenitic grades:Alloy Grade UNS Designation304 S30400304L S30403316 S31600316L S316034.1.1.2 Class BMartensitic grades:Alloy Grade UNS D
19、esignation410 S41000416 S41600431 S431004.1.1.3 Class CFerritic grades:Alloy Grade UNS Designation430 S43000430F S430204.1.2 Type IIHeat resisting alloys for continuous andintermittent service applications:Alloy Grade UNS Designation309 S30900310 S31000321 S32100330 N08330347 S347004.1.3 Type IIIHig
20、h temperature alloys for continuous andintermittent service applications:4.1.3.1 Class ANickel based alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation600 N06600601 N066014.1.3.2 Class BPrecipitation hardened alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation660 S662864.1.3.3 Class CPrecipitation hardened alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Desig
21、nation718 N077185. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for bolts, hex cap screws, and studs under thisspecification shall include the following information:5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date. When year date isnot specified, the latest issue shall be invoked;5.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces of each item
22、),5.1.3 Item name (that is, bolt, hex cap screw, or stud),5.1.4 Size (nominal diameter, threads per inch, length),5.1.5 Type, class, and alloy grade (see 4.1), and5.1.6 Condition (see 6.2.3).5.2 Orders for bolts, hex cap screws, and studs under thisspecification may include the following optional re
23、quirements:5.2.1 Forming (see 6.2.1),5.2.2 Thread type (see 6.2.2),5.2.3 Corrosion tests (see 13.1.2.1),5.2.4 Finish (see 11.3),5.2.5 Test reports (see 19.2), and5.2.6 Supplementary Requirements, if any, to be specifiedon the order (see S1 through S8).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Material:6.1.1 S
24、pecifications A 276, A 484/A 484M, A 493, A 564/A 564M, A 582/A 582M, B 637 are noted for information onlyas suitable sources of material for the manufacture of bolts, hexcap screws, and studs to this specification.6.1.2 The bolts, hex cap screws, and studs shall be manu-factured from material havin
25、g a chemical composition con-forming to the requirements listed in Table 1 and capable ofdeveloping the mechanical property requirements listed inTable 2 for the finished fastener.6.1.3 Various grades of material having unique heat resist-ing or high temperature characteristics are specified in this
26、specification. A guide to their application is listed in AppendixX1 to assist in the selection of the fastener material.6.1.4 The form and condition of the raw material shall be atthe option of the manufacturer but shall be such that thefinished fastener conforms to all the specified requirements.6.
27、2 Manufacture:6.2.1 FormingUnless otherwise specified, the fastenersshall be cold formed, hot formed, or machined from suitablematerial, at the option of manufacturer.6.2.2 ThreadsUnless otherwise specified, the threads shallbe rolled or cut, at the option of the manufacturer.6.2.3 ConditionThe fast
28、eners shall be furnished in one ofthe following conditions and shall be agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser at the time of the inquiry andorder.F2281042Type Class ConditionI A A, CWA, HWAI B H, HTI C A, CWA, HWAII . A, CWA, HWAIII A A,CWA,HWAIII B AH1, AH2 or AH3III C AH4ConditionA
29、 Machined from annealed or solution-annealed stock thus re-taining the properties of the original materialCWA Cold formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock andthen re-annealedHWA Hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock and thenre-annealedH Hardened and tempered at 1050F (565C) min
30、imumHT Hardened and tempered at 525F (274C) minimumAH1 Solution treated at 1850F (1010C) and precipitation hard-ened (aging)AH2 Solution treated at 1700F (927C) and precipitation hardened(aging)AH3 Solution treated at 1850F (1010C) and double agedAH4 Solution treated at 1725F (941C) to 1850F (1010C)
31、 andprecipitation hardened (aging)6.2.4 Heat Treatment:6.2.4.1 Condition A(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class A andType II ), shall be heated to 1850 to 1950F (1010 to 1066C),held for a sufficient time, then cooled at a rate sufficient toprevent the precipitation of carbides and to provide thespecified
32、properties.6.2.4.2 Condition A(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C), shallbe heated to 1400 to 1500F (760 to 816C), held for asufficient time, and then air cooled to provide the specifiedproperties.6.2.4.3 Condition A(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A), shallbe heated to 1600 to 1800F (871 to 982C), held for
33、 10 to 15min, and either water quenched or air cooled.6.2.4.4 Condition CWA(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class Aand Type II), shall be cold formed from annealed or solutionannealed stock and then re-annealed or re-solution annealed inaccordance with 6.2.4.1 after all cold working (includingheading and t
34、hreading) has been completed.6.2.4.5 Condition CWA(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C),shall be cold formed from annealed or solution annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.2 after all cold working (including heading andthreading) has been completed.6.2.4.6 Co
35、ndition CWA(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A),shall be cold formed from annealed stock and then re-annealedTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsComposition, % maximum except as shownAlloy Carbon Mang. Phos. Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Moly OtherType I, Class A, Heat Resisting Austenitic Grades304 0.0
36、8 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0/20.0 8.0/10.5 1.00304L 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0/20.0 8.0/12.0 1.00316 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0 10.0/14.0 2.00/3.00316L 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0 10.0/14.0 2.00/3.00Type I, Class B, Heat Resisting Martensitic Grades410 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1
37、.00 11.5/13.5416 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.0/14.0 0.60431 0.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0/17.0 1.25/2.50Type1, Class C, Heat Resisting Ferritic Grades430 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0430F 0.12 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 16.0/18.0 0.60Type II, Heat Resisting Austenitic Grades309 0.20 2.00
38、 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0/24.0 12.0/15.0310 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0/26.0 19.0/22.0321 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0/19.0 9.0/12.0 Ti53Cmin330 0.08 2.00 0.030 0.030 0.75/1.50 17.0/20.0 34.0/37.0347 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0/19.0 9.0/13.0 Cb + Ta10 3 CminType III, Class A, High Temperatur
39、e, Nickel Alloy Grades600 0.10 1.00 0.015 0.50 14.0/17.0 72.0 min 0.50 Fe 6.0/10.0601 0.10 1.00 0.015 0.50 21.0/25.0 58.0/63.0 1.00 Al 1.0/1.7Fe remainderType III, Class B, High Temperature, Precipitation Hardened Grade660 0.08 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 13.5/16.0 24.0/27.0 1.00/1.75 Ti 1.90/2.30V 0.10/0
40、.50Al 0.35 maxB 0.003/0.010Fe remainderType III, Class C, High Temperature, Precipitation Hardened Grade718 0.08 0.35 0.015 0.015 0.35 17.0/21.0 50.0/55.0 0.30 2.80/3.30 Ti 0.65/1.15Co 1.00 maxAl 0.20/0.80B 0.006 maxCb + Ta 4.75/5.50Fe remainderF2281043in accordance with 6.2.4.3 after all cold worki
41、ng (includingheading and threading) has been completed.6.2.4.7 Condition HWA(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class Aand Type II), shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock and then re-annealed or re-solution annealed inaccordance with 6.2.4.1 after all hot forming has been com-pleted.6.2
42、.4.8 Condition HWA(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C),shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.2 after all hot forming has been completed.6.2.4.9 Condition HWA(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A),shall be hot formed from
43、 annealed or solution-annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.3 after all hot forming has been completed.6.2.4.10 Condition H(Martensitic Alloys Type I Class B),shall be hardened by heating to 1800 to 1900F (982 to1038C), held for at least12 h and rapid air
44、 or oil quenched,then reheated to 1050F (565C) minimum for at least1handair cooled to provide the specified properties.6.2.4.11 Condition HT(Martensitic Alloys Type 1 ClassB), shall be hardened by heating to 1800 to 1900F (982 to1038C), held for at least12 h and rapid air or oil quenched,then reheat
45、ed to 525F (274C) minimum for at least1handair cooled to provide the specified properties.6.2.4.12 Condition AH1(Precipitation Hardened AlloyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1800 to 1900F(982 to 1038C), held for1hatheat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening (aging) shall be per
46、formed by heatingto 1300 to 1400F (704 to 760C), holding for 12 to 16 h atheat then air cooled. See Note 1.6.2.4.13 Condition AH2(Precipitation Hardened AlloyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1650 to 1750F(899 to 954C), held for 2 h at heat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening
47、(aging) shall be performed by heatingto 1300 to 1400F (704 to 760C), holding for 12 to 16 h atheat then air cooled. See Note 1.NOTE 1Condition AH1 results in increased rupture strength afteraging, while ConditionAH2 results in better ductility and higher hardness.TABLE 2 Mechanical Property Requirem
48、ents at Room TemperatureAlloyGradesCondition MarkingNominalDiameter, in.Full-Size TestsRockwellHardnessMachined Specimen TestsTensile Strength,min, ksiYield Strength,min, ksiTensile Strength,min, ksiYield Strength,min, ksiElongation 4D,min %Type I, Class A, Heat Resisting Austenitic Grades304, 304L
49、A F1A All diameters 75 30 65 to 95 HRB 75 30 30CWA F1B All diameters 75 30 65 to 95 HRB 75 30 30HWA F1C All diameters 75 30 65 to 95 HRB 75 30 30316, 316L A F1D All diameters 75 30 65 to 95 HRB 75 30 30CWA F1E All diameters 75 30 65 to 95 HRB 75 30 30HWA F1F All diameters 75 30 65 to 95 HRB 75 30 30Type I, Class B, Heat Resisting Martensitic Grades410, 416 H F1G Up to 4 diameter 110 85 20 to 30 HRC 110 85 15HT F1H Up to 4 diameter 160 120 34 to 45 HRC 160 120 12431 H F1I All diameters 125 100 25 to 32 HRC 125 1
