1、Designation: F 2651 08Standard Terminology Relating toSoils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass relatedterms for use in the development of standards for sports andnatura
3、l playing surfaces. This standard includes soils andrelated agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces usedfor sports and may include those surfaces supporting thegrowth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces thatare constructed with natural materials.1.2 The terms defined in this
4、 terminology standard areappropriate for use by sports field development professionals,owners and institutions, installers and contractors and otherpractitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evalua-tions, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construc-tion.2. Terminologyaeration, n
5、condition and sum of all processes affecting soilpore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect tothe amount and availability of oxygen for use by soil biota orsoil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.aeration, vpractice to mechanically restore a soil to acondition where gas and water p
6、ermeability rates are im-proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by theuse of devices (spikes, cores, tines, air-jets, water-jets) whichpenetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil andcultivation, turf.aerification, soil, nmechanical process to relieve soil com-paction. Thi
7、s term is often used synonymously with aeration,v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.bulk density, nmass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. Thevalue is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m3) or gramper cubic centimetre (g cm3).cultivation, turf, npractice of disrupting the soil by
8、me-chanical means without turning or excessively disrupting thesod.DISCUSSIONThis may include such practices as spiking or solid-tineaeration, coring or hollow-tine aeration, grooving or slicing, or drilling.It might also include methods to inject water or air into the soil to createchannels, holes,
9、 or fissures or break up the soil structure, or acombination thereof.coring, nprocess in which a hollow spike (pipe) tine isinserted more or less vertically into the soil using a mechani-cal aerator machine.DISCUSSIONHollow tines are normally cylindrical and have asidewall cutout which allows for th
10、e soil core to eject the previous soilcore in a continuous process as the core is pushed into the soil. The endresult is that the turf surface is littered with soil cores having a plug ofturf attached to the one end. These cores can be removed or left to dryand then broken up using some type of drag
11、.Asubsequent mowing mayalso break up the cores but caution should be used to limit the hazardfrom flying debris.dethatching, nmechanical process used to remove andreduce the amount of thatch in a turfgrass installation. Thiscould include a mechanical “verticutter,” power rake, spikedrag, or even sha
12、llow-depth core cultivation. See alsoverticutting.drilling, npractice which combines principles of both spik-ing and coring. Instead of pushing a solid or hollow tine intothe soil a specially modified drill bit is drilled into the soil tocreate a hole and also to remove the soil from the rootzonein
13、the process.DISCUSSIONDrilling is sometimes used to eliminate the propensityto create a somewhat compacted layer at the bottom of the tinepenetration depth or to reach greater soil profile depths than is typicallypossible with standard-tine aeration machines.gravel, ncommonly used to denote spherica
14、l, cube-like, orequiaxial aggregate materials with an equivalent diameter 2.0 mm and 85 % sand), ntypes of soils which mayhave no (or a very thin) “A” horizon and thus technically nota “topsoil” material.thatch, nloose intermingled organic layer of dead and livingshoots, stems, and roots that develo
15、ps between the zone ofgreen vegetation and the soil surface.verticutting, npractice of using a mechanical device whichoperates vertically and cuts into the turf surface/thatch andoften the upper soil layer.DISCUSSIONVerticutting is often employed to remove excess thatchor the accumulation of excess
16、actively growing turfgrass (thinning).Verticutting may also be employed to stimulate lateral turfgrassgrowth/development in order to increase turf density. This is sometimesalso referred to as vertical mowing or power raking. See also dethatch-ing.water retention, nsoil-water content (by mass or vol
17、ume) ata given soil-water matric potential.3. Keywords3.1 athletic field; impact; sports; sports field; sports surfacesF 2651 082ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard ar
18、e expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not
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20、u may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 2651 083
