1、Designation: F2961 14Standard Test Method forCharacterizing Gripping Performance of Gloves Using aTorque Meter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2961; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used for evaluating how glovesaffect an individual wearers ability to grip onto a hard surfaceobjec
3、t.1.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuringthe maximum torque that can be attained by individuals barehand as compared to the maximum torque that is attained bythe same individual wearing a glove. The torque is applied toa vertically-mounted pole attached to a torque meter.1.2 This
4、 test method is suitable for evaluating gloves andother forms of hand protection that require the wearer tomaintain a secure hold on objects.1.3 This test method does not address all effects of wearinggloves on hand functions. Other test methods include those forevaluating the effect of wearing glov
5、es on dexterity, tactility,and other aspects of functional performance.1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human subjects.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
6、asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th
7、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precis
8、ion of a Test MethodF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for StructuralFire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other protective clothing-related termsused in this test method, refer to Te
9、rminology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The maximum torque applied to a vertically orientedcylindrical rod is measured without gloves and then later whilewearing gloves. The bare hand maximum torque is comparedto the gloved hand maximum torque in terms of a percentage.This percentage is useful
10、in determining if a glove enhances ordecreases an individuals ability to grip a hard object.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended to provide a quantitativemeasurement of wearing gloves on an individuals ability togrip a solid object.5.2 This method was originally developed to help
11、under-stand how materials and construction of firefighting glovesaffected grip. Methods available at the time showed very littlestatistical difference between a wide range of gloves includingmany NFPA 1971 compliant firefighting gloves and alsonon-compliant gloves used in other applications. This me
12、thodwas shown to have less subject-to-subject variability and agreater range of measured grip than previous tests.45.3 It is possible to apply this test method to other types ofgloves, other than structural firefighting protective gloves.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F
13、23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F296114.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
14、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Ross, Barker, Watkins, and Deaton,
15、 “Methods for Measuring the Grip Perfor-mance of Structural Firefighting Gloves,” Performance of Protective Clothing andEquipment: Emerging Issues and Technologies,” ASTM STP 1544, Vol 9, A.Shepherd Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Evaluate the relevance of this test method by examining theparticular application of the gloves for end user grippingcapability. In addition, understand how this test method ranksgloves in comparison with end user perceptions.5.4 This
17、 test method does not discriminate all glove effectson wearer hand function nor does it apply to all glove types andapplications. Consider additional evaluations or tests represen-tative of the glove use applications performed to determine theoverall impact of gloves on wearer hand functions.6. Appa
18、ratus6.1 Testing ApparatusThe device used to characterize thegripping performance of gloves consists of a torque meter withadjustable rod holder and a smooth acrylic cylindrical rod (Fig.1). The rod is secured tightly in the adjustable rod holderattached to the torque meter.6.2 Use a torque meter ca
19、pable of meeting the followingrequirements:6.2.1 Measuring 0 to 10.0 6 0.5 Nm (88.5 6 4.5 lb-in.).6.2.2 Able to be fastened in place or heavy enough to beimmobile during testing.6.2.3 Able to measure torque in either a clockwise orcounter-clockwise direction.6.2.4 Fitting with an adjustable rod hold
20、er fixed to the uppersurface of the meter.6.2.4.1 The rod holder has four metal pins protrudingupwards from the surface. Use 10 mm diameter pins thatprotrude 30 mm from the surface of the holder.(1) Cover the metal pins with a rubber material that isbetween 2.5 and 3.0 mm thick.6.3 Use transparent c
21、ast acrylic rod meeting the followingrequirements:6.4 Measures 600 mm (24 in.) in length and has a diameterof 41.5 mm (1.625 in.).6.4.1 Has a surface roughness value of 0.10 6 0.05 m (4 62 in.) and is free of visual scratches and blemishes.6.4.2 Use an acrylic rod with four grooves cut into thebotto
22、m of the rod. Grooves should match the size of the pinswith rubber covering.6.4.2.1 Fig. 2 shows an example of a rod cut with groovesat the bottom.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 Use a minimum of three glove specimens for testingeach model or type of glove.7.1.1 Use right-handed glove
23、 specimens for right-handdominant test subjects and left-handed glove specimens forleft-hand dominant test subjects.7.1.2 Each glove specimen shall be tested by a differenthuman subject.7.2 Each glove specimen shall be tested in a new, as-distributed, condition.7.2.1 Do not use glove specimens that
24、are treated, broken-in, or conditioned in any manner other than specified in this testmethod prior to their evaluation unless otherwise specified.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition all glove specimens at a temperature of 21 63C (70 6 5F), and a relative humidity of 65 6 5 %, untilequilibrium is reached, a
25、s determined in accordance withPractice D1776 or for at least 24 h.9. Procedure9.1 Use a minimum of three test subjects with similar handsizes.9.1.1 Only use test subjects that obtain a bare hand averagemaximum torque applied value TBgreater than 4.5 Nm butless than 9.0 Nm.9.1.2 Fit the dominant han
26、d of each test subject with a newglove, appropriately sized, in accordance with the manufactur-ers recommendations for the selection and fit of availableglove sizes.9.2 Conduct the test without the test subjects knowledge ofthe torque applied, that is, the test subject shall not be able toFIG. 1 Acr
27、ylic Rod Attached to a Torque MeterF2961 142observe the reading from the torque meter or learn of theapplied torque during any attempt to twist the rod.9.3 No more than five different glove specimens shall betested by the same test subject on the same day to reduce handfatigue.9.4 Conduct a bare han
28、d torque measurement using asubjects dominant hand at the beginning of a testing cycle. Atesting cycle consists of a bare hand measurements followed bygloved hand measurements.9.4.1 If conducting more than one testing cycle subjectsmust wait 15 minutes before conducting the next cycle oftesting. In
29、addition, the glove specimens should be tested in arandom order.9.4.2 Set the torque meter to read a counter-clockwisetorque for right-handed dominant test subjects. Set the torquemeter to read a clockwise torque for left-hand dominant testsubjects.9.4.3 Test subjects stand such that they grab the a
30、crylic rodwith the elbow bent at a right angle and the upper arm againstthe side of the body.9.4.3.1 Adjust the height of the test apparatus to provide thebody and arm orientation described in 9.4.3.9.4.3.2 The subject shall stand with feet parallel, facing thetesting apparatus, and shoulder width a
31、part.9.4.3.3 The subject shall place the non-dominant arm at thebodys side during testing.9.4.3.4 In the correct position, the engaged arm will beparallel to the upright body from the shoulder to the elbow andperpendicular to the ventral plane of the body from the elbowto the wrist. An example can b
32、e seen in Fig. 3.9.4.4 With the bare hand firmly in grasp of the rod, eachsubject will make five successive attempts to twist the rod.Each attempt counts as a repetition.9.4.4.1 Each repetition shall last no longer than 5 s and eachsuccessive repetition shall occur within one minute of theprevious r
33、epetition.9.4.4.2 The test subjects rotation during the repetition shallbe in the wrist rather than in the shoulder. An example of howthe wrist looks before and after the twisting action can be seenin Figs. 4 and 5.9.4.4.3 Record the maximum torque applied after eachrepetition.9.4.4.4 Calculate the
34、average maximum torque applied withthe bare hand over the five attempts and identify it as TB.9.5 Use the same hand for glove specimen testing as usedfor the bare handed tests.9.5.1 Test subjects don glove specimen and stand such thatthey grab the acrylic rod with the elbow bent at a right angleand
35、the upper arm against the side of the body.9.5.1.1 Adjust the height of the test apparatus to provide thebody and arm orientation as described in 9.5.1.9.5.1.2 The subject shall stand with feet parallel, facing thetesting apparatus, and shoulder width apart.9.5.1.3 The subject shall place the non-do
36、minant arm at thebodys side during testing.FIG. 2 Diagram of Rod Cut with Grooves at the BottomF2961 1439.5.1.4 In the correct position, the engaged arm will beparallel to the upright body from the shoulder to the elbow andperpendicular to the ventral plane of the body from the elbowto the wrist. An
37、 example of the correct position can be seen inFig. 3.9.5.2 With the gloved hand firmly in grasp of the rod, eachsubject will make five successive attempts to twist the rod.9.5.2.1 Each repetition shall last no longer than 5 s and eachsuccessive repetition shall occur within one minute of thepreviou
38、s repetition.9.5.2.2 The test subjects rotation during the repetition shallbe in the wrist rather than in the shoulder. An example of howthe wrist looks before and after the twisting action can be seenin Figs. 4 and 5.9.5.2.3 Record the maximum torque applied after eachattempt.9.5.2.4 Calculate the
39、average maximum torque applied withthe gloved hand over the five attempts and identified as TG.10. Calculation10.1 Compare the average maximum torque with a glovedhand with the bare-handed average maximum torque for eachtest subject. Calculate the percentage of bare-handed controlvalue as follows:%
40、BHCV 5TGTB3100 (1)where:%BHCV = percentage of bare-handed control value,TG= average maximum torque applied with glovedhand, andTB= average maximum torque applied with bare hand.10.1.1 Values higher than 100 %BHCV indicate that glovestested enhances the wearers ability to grip a solid object whileval
41、ues lower than 100 % decreases the wearers ability to gripa solid object.10.2 Average the three subjects %BHCV to obtain theoverall %BHCV.11. Report11.1 Record and report the glove size used for testing.11.2 Record and report the %BHCV for each test subject.11.3 Record and report the average %BHCV f
42、or all testsubjects.11.4 Explain any departures from the specified apparatus orprocedure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision of this test method is based on anintralaboratory study of ASTM WK33658, New Standard TestMethod for Characterizing Gripping Performance of GlovesFIG. 3 Example of a Corr
43、ect Testing PositionF2961 144Using a Torque Meter, conducted in 2013. A single laboratoryparticipated in this study, testing three types of gloves. Every“test result” represents an individual determination. The labo-ratory reported four replicate test results for each glove type.Except for the use o
44、f only one laboratory, Practice E691 wasfollowed for the design and analysis of the data; the details aregiven in ASTM Research Report No. F23-1010.512.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference between repetitiveresults obtained by the same operator in a given laboratoryapplying the same test method with
45、the same apparatus underconstant operating conditions on identical test material withinshort intervals of time would in the long run, in the normal andcorrect operation of the test method, exceed the followingvalues only in one case in 20.12.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif-fere
46、nce between two results, obtained under repeatabilityconditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.12.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1 below.12.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference between twosingle and independen
47、t results obtained by different operatorsapplying the same test method in different laboratories usingdifferent apparatus on identical test material would, in the longrun, in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the following values only in one case in 20.12.1.2.1 Reproducibili
48、ty can be interpreted as maximumdifference between two results, obtained under reproducibilityconditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.12.1.2.2 Reproducibility limits cannot be calculated from asingle laboratorys results.5Sup
49、porting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:F23-1010. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.FIG. 4 Example of Wrist Before TwistingF2961 14512.1.3 The above terms (repeatability and reproducibilitylimit) are used as specified in Practice E177.12.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with 12.1.1 wouldnormally have an approximate 95 % probability of beingcorrect; however, the precision statistics obtained in this ILSmust not be treated as exact mathematical quantities which areapp
