1、Designation: F3026 14Standard Guide forHelicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Crew Chief1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standardfor a Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Crew Chief(hereafter known as Helicopt
3、er SAR Crew Chief) with focuson the general and crew chief specific knowledge, skills, andabilities needed to function as a member of the helicopter crewin support of an inland search and rescue operation.1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas ofoperation, including flood and swiftwa
4、ter rescue operations.1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as aHelicopter SAR Crew Chief with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operations are included.1.4 The training discussed in this guide will supplement andenhance the Helicopter SAR Crew Chiefs existing training,knowledge, skills,
5、and abilities.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
6、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on theGround and in Aircraft During Ground EmergenciesF1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1739 Guide for Performance of a Water RescuerLevel IF1846 Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use WithLand Sea
7、rch MapsF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMember3. Terminology3.1 Acronyms:3.1.1 AGLAbove Ground Level3.1.2 AHJAuthority Having Jurisdiction3.1.3 ANVISAviators Night Vision Imaging System3.1.4 ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials3.1.5 CRMCrew Resource Management3.1.6 FLIR
8、Forward Looking Infra-Red3.1.7 HECHuman External Cargo3.1.8 HEEDHelicopter Emergency Egress Device3.1.9 HELPHeat Escape Lessening Posture3.1.10 HSHeliSpot3.1.11 HUETHelicopter Underwater Egress3.1.12 LZLanding Zone3.1.13 PCDSPersonnel Carrying Device System3.1.14 PFDPersonal Flotation Device3.1.15 P
9、PEPersonal Protective Equipment3.1.16 SARSearch and Rescue3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 altitude, nthe height expressed in units of distanceabove a reference plane, usually above mean sea level or aboveground level.3.2.2 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), nanorganization
10、, office, or individual responsible for enforcing therequirements of a code or standard, or for approvingequipment, materials, and installation or procedure.3.2.3 crewmember, nan individual assigned a duty duringflight other than the pilot, engineer, and flight navigator.33.2.4 crew resource managem
11、ent (CRM), na method foraddressing the challenge of optimizing the human/machineinterface and accompanying interpersonal activities to includeactivities which may include team building, informationsharing, problem solving, decision making, and maintainingsituational awareness. CRM is the use of all
12、availableresources, information, equipment, and people to achieve safeand efficient flight operations.41This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved
13、May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F3026-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Avia
14、tion Training Glossary, https:/www.iat.gov/Training/pages/online.asp;14CFR1.1: FAA Definitions.4Federal Aviation Administration, https:/www.faa.gov; Section II.8.5 CrewResource Management.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United State
15、s13.2.5 emergency, n(a) life-threateninga situation or oc-currence of a serious nature, developing suddenly and unex-pectedly and demanding immediate action to prevent loss oflife. (b) operationalan unforeseen combination of circum-stances that calls for immediate action, but not life-threatening.3.
16、2.6 external load, na load that is carried, or extends,outside of the aircraft fuselage.33.2.7 external-load attaching means, nthe structural com-ponents used to attach an external load to an aircraft, includingexternal-load containers, the backup structure at the attachmentpoints, and any quick-rel
17、ease device used to jettison theexternal load.33.2.8 flightcrew member, na pilot, flight engineer, or flightnavigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time.53.2.9 ground visibility, nprevailing horizontal visibilitynear the earths surface as reported by the United StatesNational Weather
18、 Service or an accredited observer.33.2.10 helicopter, na rotorcraft that, for its horizontalmotion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors.33.2.11 helicopter SAR crew chief, nan individual respon-sible for all operations and equipment starting from behind theflight deck within the helicopt
19、er and under the supervision ofthe pilot or co-pilot.3.2.12 helicopter SAR technician, na member of the flightcrew that conducts tasks as planned and assigned by theHelicopter SAR Crew Chief.3.2.13 HELP position, nheat escape lessening posture is asingle person water rescue technique for heat conser
20、vationwhen immersed in cold water. This technique conserves heatby using personal flotation devices, clothing, and body postureto limit exposure of the bodys major heat loss areas to the coldwater.3.2.14 marshal, helicopter, na person on the groundresponsible for communicating with and guiding the h
21、elicopterto a landing zone or HeliSpot.3.2.15 personal flotation device (PFD), na buoyant devicesuitable for use by one person in water emergencies. Thesedevices may be vests, ring buoys, life preservers, cushions, andother special purpose buoyant devices.3.2.16 rescue basket, also litter or stretch
22、er, na securedand protected conveyance for the sick or injured that is capableof lifting individuals from the ground in a safe and securemanner.3.2.17 rescue hoist, na mechanical winching devicemounted to the helicopter that is capable of lowering/raisingpersonnel attached to a cable.63.2.18 rescue
23、strop, nan item of equipment that is fittedaround the patient, under the arms and across the back andsecured in front of the chest to secure the patient to a rescueline or helicopter hoist cable.3.2.19 short haul, nto transport one or more personssuspended on a fixed line beneath a helicopter. The i
24、ntent is totransport persons a short distance (short-haul), normally from alimited or inaccessible location to a safe landing area.63.2.20 trail line/tag line, ncord or line manipulated fromthe ground used to control and guide rescue equipment to thehelicopter during hoisting operations.4. Significa
25、nce and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for train-ing a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief with focus on the generalknowledge and skills needed to function within a helicopter insupport of an inland search and rescue operation. A persontrained to this guide is a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief.4
26、.1.1 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SARCrew Chief shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.1.2 This guide is to be used by individuals and authoritieshaving jurisdiction (AHJ) that wish to identify the minimumtraining standards for a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief.4.1.3 This guide
27、is only the first level of training for aHelicopter SAR Crew Chief and as such, only establishes theminimum knowledge and skills required for a person toperform during helicopter operations.4.1.4 This guide by itself is not a training document. It isonly an outline of the topics required for trainin
28、g or evaluatinga Helicopter SAR Crew Chief, but it can be used to develop atraining document or program.4.1.5 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief.4.1.6 Though this guide establishes the
29、 minimum standards,it does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief is “intraining,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ memberstatus. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements andqualifications for member ratings.4.1.7 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall be trained in thenormal oper
30、ational response areas. Examples include but arenot limited to the following regions: mountainous, desert,wilderness and over inland bodies of water.4.1.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in thefollowing sections are not presented in any particular order anddo not represent any specifi
31、c training sequence.4.1.9 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall meet the mini-mum SAR requirements for their environments while workingas a crewmember with a helicopter and shall be able tointerface with ground SAR resources.4.1.9.1 In order to operate safely around or in a givensub-environment within t
32、his area of specialization (HelicopterSAR Crew Chief), the AHJ shall consider the applicability ofrequiring additional knowledge, skills, and abilities specific toa specific problem, hazard, technical challenge or environment.4.1.10 Not all aircraft are capable of rappelling, short haul,and/or hoist
33、 operations. It is important to know an aircraftscapabilities as applicable and per AHJ requirements.5. General Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities5.1 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall be able to explain:5.1.1 The organizations operational structure.5Federal Aviation Administration, DOT, 14CFR1.1 Defin
34、itions and Abbrevia-tions.6Emergency Helicopter Extraction Source List 2012, http:/www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/Revision%205-EHE%20Source%20List%20(01-12).pdf.F3026 1425.1.2 The overview and philosophy of a helicopter SARmission.5.1.3 The general tactics related to aerial search and rescue
35、operations.5.1.4 The environmental knowledge commensurate with theoperating area.5.1.5 The regulations, policies, procedures, and guidelinesrelevant to Helicopter Crew Chief training.5.2 The Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall have the ability todeploy and retrieve the Helicopter SAR Technician by helic
36、op-ter based on type of aircraft used, equipment and agencypolicies, procedures, and guidelines. These tactics may includeexternal load operations.5.2.1 Demonstrates proper use of hand signals (see X1.7 forexample).5.2.2 Demonstrates appropriate movements in aircraft cabinwhile in flight.5.3 A Helic
37、opter SAR Crew Chief shall explain the purposeof and demonstrate the function of the following rescueequipment:5.3.1 Helicopter SAR Crew Chief Harness (personnel car-rying device system (PCDS).5.3.2 Subject rescue adjuncts (subject harnesses, strops,litters, baskets).5.3.3 Tether straps (travel rest
38、raint).5.3.4 Carabiners, snap hooks, and other applicable hard-ware.5.3.5 Operation of doors, seat belts, and hatches.5.3.6 Direct and/or assist the Helicopter SAR Technicianwith inspection of all applicable search and rescue helicopterequipment.5.3.7 Explain the use of vision enhancing equipment in
39、clud-ing but not limited to Electro Optical, Forward LookingInfra-Red (FLIR) and Aviators Night Vision Imaging System(ANVIS).5.4 The Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall explain the needfor and demonstrate the inspection and use of PPE for flightoperations to include at a minimum:5.4.1 Fire resistant clo
40、thing (flight suit).5.4.2 Fire resistant gloves.5.4.3 Fire resistant boots.5.4.4 Active/passive hearing protection.5.4.5 Approved helicopter flight helmet.5.4.6 Personal equipment (survival). See X1.8 for a list ofsuggested survival equipment for individuals.5.4.7 Clothing appropriate for anticipate
41、d weather condi-tions.5.5 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall demonstrate theability to coordinate a mission with the flight crew based on thespecific incident and the related needs, including:5.5.1 Participate in developing a plan for accomplishing themission in the most efficient and safe manner.5.5
42、.2 Configure aircraft to mission needs.5.5.3 Secure and brief passengers.5.5.4 Provide a mission briefing.5.5.5 Identify and mitigate flight and mission hazards.5.5.6 Explain fuel consumption as it relates to aircraftendurance and limits for safe landing.5.5.7 Develop and implement in flight emergen
43、cyprocedures, as necessary.5.6 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall prepare cargo loadand explain and/or demonstrate:5.6.1 Emergency procedures.5.6.2 Special mission requirements.5.6.3 Performance of aircraft load calculations.5.6.4 Center of gravity (cg) limitations.5.6.5 Gross weight limitations.5.6.
44、6 Hazardous material considerations.5.7 The Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall be able to explainand demonstrate external load operational tactics and equip-ment (if so equipped), including:5.7.1 Use of aircraft anchor points.5.7.2 Setup and management of rappel lines.5.7.3 Importance of having connect
45、ors that are compatiblewith one another and with aircraft fixtures.5.7.4 Uses of a rescue hoist.5.7.5 Appropriate maintenance procedures and safetychecks for rescue hoist, hoist cable, and hoist hook.5.7.6 Ability to communicate with the pilot during externalload operations.5.7.7 Emergency procedure
46、s during external load opera-tions.5.7.8 Ability to facilitate passenger (non crewmember)management inside the aircraft cabin during external loadoperations as well as during other types of retrieval.5.7.9 Trail line/tag line procedures.5.7.10 How various environmental factors can influenceexternal
47、load operations (examples: wind direction and speed,altitude, and air temperature).5.8 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall be able to explainthe general concepts related to risk assessment and manage-ment of a helicopter operation, including:5.8.1 The general concepts of CRM.5.8.2 The general concepts
48、 of flight physiology.5.8.3 The general concepts of aerospace physiology, includ-ing physiological effects on the human body and the normalarea of operations.5.8.4 The general concepts related to high altitude opera-tions and physiology.5.8.5 The concepts related to fatigue management.5.8.6 The gene
49、ral concepts related to night adaptation.5.8.7 The general concepts related to spatial disorientation.5.8.8 The general concepts related to aircraft performanceduring extreme hot/cold temperatures.5.8.9 The general concepts of how weather impacts ahelicopter operation such as storms, fog, rain, clouds, andwind.5.8.10 The general knowledge, skills, and abilities neces-sary to survive in the operational environment before, during orafter an event that requires an individual to perform survivalskills to preserve personal life and limb
